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The Milgram experiment on obedience to authority figures was a series of notable social psychology experiments conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram, which measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscience.
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Milgram and experiment
Before conducting the experiment, Milgram polled fourteen Yale University senior-year psychology majors to predict the behavior of 100 hypothetical teachers.
Milgram also polled forty psychiatrists from a medical school and they believed that by the tenth shock, when the victim demands to be free, most subjects would stop the experiment.
Milgram summarized the experiment in his 1974 article, " The Perils of Obedience ", writing:
Later, Prof. Milgram and other psychologists performed variations of the experiment throughout the world, with similar results.
Milgram later investigated the effect of the experiment's locale on obedience levels by holding an experiment in an unregistered, backstreet office in a bustling city, as opposed to at Yale, a respectable university.
There is a little-known coda to the Milgram Experiment, reported by Philip Zimbardo: none of the participants who refused to administer the final shocks insisted that the experiment itself be terminated, nor left the room to check the health of the victim without requesting permission to leave, as per Milgram's notes and recollections, when Zimbardo asked him about that point.
Milgram created a documentary film titled Obedience showing the experiment and its results.
Six years later ( at the height of the Vietnam War ), one of the participants in the experiment sent correspondence to Milgram, explaining why he was glad to have participated despite the stress:
In Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View ( 1974 ), Milgram describes 19 variations of his experiment, some of which had not been previously reported.
In 2002 the British artist Rod Dickinson created The Milgram Re-enactment, an exact reconstruction of parts of the original experiment, including the rooms used, lighting and uniforms.
A partial replication of the Milgram experiment was conducted by British psychological illusionist Derren Brown and broadcast on Channel 4 in the UK in The Heist ( 2006 ).
Another partial replication of the Milgram experiment was conducted by Jerry M. Burger in 2006 and broadcast on the Primetime series Basic Instincts.
In the 2010 French documentary, Le Jeu de la Mort ( The Game of Death ), researchers recreated the Milgram experiment with an added critique of reality television by presenting the scenario as a game show pilot.
The episode was hosted by Eli Roth who got similar results to the original Milgram experiment.
* Obedience is a black-and-white film of the experiment, shot by Milgram himself.
Digging into the psychology of the Lee Harvey Oswald type character, the attorney finds out the " decoy shooter " participated in the Milgram experiment.
* Chip Kidd's 2008 novel The Learners is about the Milgram experiment, and features Stanley Milgram as a character.
He later reenacts a version of the Milgram experiment on Det.
* The 2010 film Zenith ( film ) references and dramatically depicts the Milgram experiment
* A Derren Brown special named " The Heist " repeated the Milgram experiment to test whether the participants will take part in a staged heist afterwards.
* Foolin Around is a 1980 movie starting Gary Busey and Annette O ' Toole, which uses a Milgram experiment parody in a comedic scene.
* Stanley Milgram Redux, TBIYTB — Description of a 2007 iteration of Milgram's experiment at Yale University, published in " The Yale Hippolytic ," Jan. 22, 2007.
Milgram and on
* — Article on the 45th anniversary of the Milgram experiment.
Milgram died on December 20, 1984 of a heart attack in New York, the city in which he was born.
By the time Liev was four, he was living with her on the fourth floor of a dilapidated walkup at First Avenue and First Street in New York City ( his half brothers from her first marriage were with their father in a duplex on Central Park West ), and he was the object of a fierce custody battle, which bankrupted his maternal grandfather, Alex Milgram.
The Milgram experiment of 1961 demonstrated that people will follow an authority figure regardless of consequent effects on other people.
* The Milgram experiment on obedience to authority
He replicated this finding in his own research, as in one of his experiments, he found that when watching portions of the original Milgram studies on film, participants placed less responsibility on those punishing the learner when they scored high on measures of authoritarianism.
The zeros on the negative real axis are factored out cleanly by making ( Milgram, 2012, formula 3. 9 ) stated to be valid for < math >
The Milgram Experiment, Zimbardo ’ s Stanford prison experiment, and the Hofling hospital experiment are three particularly well-known experiments on obedience, and they all conclude that humans behave surprisingly obedient in the presence of perceived legitimate authority figures.
* Stanley Milgram publishes the results of his shock experiment on obedience to authority figures.
* July-First Milgram experiment on obedience to authority figures.
* 1974 – Stanley Milgram: Milgram experiment on obedience to authority
Milgram took up the challenge on his return from Paris, leading to the experiments reported in " The Small World Problem " in May 1967 ( charter ) issue of the popular magazine Psychology Today, with a more rigorous version of the paper appearing in Sociometry two years later.
The simulations, running on the slower computers of 1973, were limited, but still were able to predict that a more realistic three degrees of separation existed across the U. S. population, a value that foreshadowed the findings of Milgram.
Later on, Guido Stampacchia proved his generalization to the Lax – Milgram theorem in in order to study the regularity problem for partial differential equations and coined the name " variational inequality " for all the problems involving inequalities of this kind.
New Jersey Attorney General Anne Milgram announced on August 17 that Tocchet has been sentenced to two years probation in exchange for his plea.
Milgram and obedience
* The second is the agentic state theory, wherein, per Milgram, " the essence of obedience consists in the fact that a person comes to view themselves as the instrument for carrying out another person's wishes, and they therefore no longer see themselves as responsible for their actions.
Burger found obedience rates virtually identical to what Milgram found in 1961 – 1962, even while meeting current ethical regulations of informing participants.
* A personal account of a participant in the Milgram obedience experiments
Milgram was influenced by the events of the Nazi Holocaust to carry out an experiment that would demonstrate the relationship between obedience and authority.
Milgram influenced numerous psychologists including Alan C. Elms, who was Milgram's first graduate assistant in the study of obedience.
Ten years later, in 1974, Milgram published Obedience to Authority and was awarded the annual social psychology award by the AAAS ( mostly for his work over the social aspects of obedience ).
In this experiment, 26 out of 40 participants administered the full range of shocks up to 450 volts, the highest obedience rate Milgram found in his whole series.
Baumrind ( 1964 ), criticizing the use of deception in the Milgram ( 1963 ) obedience experiment, argues that deception experiments inappropriately take advantage of the implicit trust and obedience given by the subject when the subject volunteers to participate ( p. 421 ).
These include decisions related to ingroup bias, persuasion ( see Asch conformity experiments ), obedience ( see Milgram Experiment ), and groupthink.
The controversial Milgram experiment into obedience by Stanley Milgram showed that many people lack the psychological resources to openly resist authority, even when they are directed to act callously and inhumanely against an innocent victim.
Regarding obedience, Stanley Milgram said that " Obedience is as basic an element in the structure of social life as one can point to ; Some system of authority is a requirement of all communal living, and it is only the man dwelling in isolation who is not forced to respond, through defiance or submission, to the commands of others.
The rates of obedience were very similar to those found in the Milgram study, showing that participants ' tendency to obey has not declined over time.
The Bocchiaro and Zimbardo study had similar levels of obedience compared to the Milgram and Utrecht studies.
When the Milgram experimenters were interviewing potential volunteers, the participant selection process itself revealed several factors that affected obedience, outside of the actual experiment.
This was not further researched to test obedience without a Yale professor because Milgram had not intentionally staged the interviews to discover factors that affected obedience.
Another notable study is the Stanley Milgram obedience experiment, often known as the Milgram experiment.
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