This influx of amphicyonines, accompanied by Old World ungulates and small mammals, indicates a prolonged interval ( from 23 to 16. 5 Ma ) of faunal exchange between Asia and North America in the early Miocene, using the trans-Beringian route.

In Europe, Prodeinotherium bavaricum appeared in the early Miocene mammal faunal zone MN 4, but was soon replaced by Deinotherium giganteum in the middle Miocene.

It is known only from a piece of distal right humerus, found at Sansan ( France ) in Middle Miocene rocks of the Serravallian faunal stage MN 6 ( about 12-14 mya ).

An Oligocene ( 34 – 23 Mya ) pollen is known for Asteraceae and Goodeniaceae, and seeds from Oligocene and Miocene ( 23 – 5. 3 Mya ) are known for Menyanthaceae and Campanulaceae respectively.

A primitive cephalomyid hystricognath rodent from the early Miocene of northern Patagonia, Argentina.

In the case of Jamaica, recent analysis of the soils showed elevated levels of cadmium suggesting that the bauxite originates from recent Miocene ash deposits from episodes of significant volcanism in Central America.

A fossil toad ( specimen UCMP 41159 ) from the La Venta fauna of the late Miocene of Colombia is indistinguishable from modern cane toads from northern South America.

Around 9-10 Mya during the Late Miocene, Canis, Urocyon, and Vulpes genera expanded from southwestern North America.

In the early Miocene, about 22 million years ago, the many kinds of arboreally adapted primitive catarrhines from East Africa suggest a long history of prior diversification.

The presence of other generalized non-cercopithecids of middle Miocene age from sites far distant — Otavipithecus from cave deposits in Namibia, and Pierolapithecus and Dryopithecus from France, Spain and Austria — is evidence of a wide diversity of forms across Africa and the Mediterranean basin during the relatively warm and equable climatic regimes of the early and middle Miocene.

The youngest of the Miocene hominoids, Oreopithecus, is from coal beds in Italy that have been dated to 9 million years ago.

An unidentifable finch fossil from the Messinian age, around 12 to 7. 3 million years ago ( Ma ) during the Late Miocene subepoch, has been found at Polgárdi in Hungary.

Hyenas first arose in Eurasia during the Miocene period from viverrid-like ancestors, and developed into two distinct branches ; the lightly built dog-like hyenas and the robust bone-crushing hyenas.

Another known fossil is Ripogonum scandens from the Miocene.

Camel-like animals have been traced from the thoroughly differentiated, modern species back through early Miocene forms.

The Miocene ( symbol M < sub > I </ sub >) is a geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about ( Ma ).

The earth went from the Oligocene Epoch through the Miocene and into the Pliocene as it cooled into a series of Ice Ages.

Within apes ( superfamily Hominoidea ), the gibbons diverged during the early Miocene ( between 19. 7 and 24. 1 mya, according to molecular evidence ) and the orangutans split from the African great ape lineage between 15. 7 and 19. 3 mya.

Apart from this enigmatic bird, the fossil record of the Ostriches continues with several species of the modern genus Struthio which are known from the Early Miocene onwards.

The field contains 600 volcanoes ranging in age from nearly 6 million years old to less than 1, 000 years ( Miocene to Holocene ), of which Sunset Crater is the youngest.

Only four genera, Megistotherium, and its sister genus, Hyainailouros, Dissopsalis, and the youngest species of Hyaenodon, H. weilini, survived into the Miocene, of which, only Dissopsalis survived long enough to go extinct at the close of the Miocene.

Possibly the oldest known true felid ( Proailurus ) lived in the late Oligocene and early Miocene epochs.

The oldest alcid fossil is Hydrotherikornis from Oregon dating to the Late Eocene while fossils of Aethia and Uria go back to the Late Miocene.

Colymboides, the oldest unequivocal gaviiform genus known as of 2009, is widely known from early Priabonian – about 37 million years ago ( Ma ) in the Late Eocene – to Early Miocene ( late Burdigalian, less than 20 Ma ) limnic and marine rocks of western Eurasia north of the Alpide belt, between the Atlantic and the former Turgai Sea.

The genus is known from the Early Miocene onwards, and the oldest members them are rather small ( some are smaller than the Red-throated Diver ).

The oldest is from the Late Miocene ( Tortonian, some 7-12 million years ago ) of the Bahía Inglesa Formation in Chile.

Fossil species are also known from Africa and Eurasia, with one of the oldest being Sivacanthion from the Miocene of Pakistan.

The earliest known species in the genus Aramus, Aramus paludigrus is dated to the middle Miocene, while the oldest supposed members of the family, Aminornis and Loncornis, have been found in early Oligocene deposits in Argentina, although it is not certain that these are indeed related.

Most experts agree that babirusas are part of the pig family, and are one of the oldest living members of the family, representing a subfamily, Babyrousinae, that branched off from the warthog branch of the pig family ( Subfamily Phacochoerini ) during the Oligocene or early Miocene.

The oldest terrestrial vertebrate fossils from the Colorado Desert predate the late Miocene invasion of the Sea of Cortez.

Halosaurs have a spotty fossil record, the oldest known genus being Echidnocephalus from the Late Cretaceous strata of Westphalia, Germany, and the second oldest known genus, Laytonia, from Miocene strata of California and Oregon.

Muntjacs are the oldest known deer, appearing 15 – 35 million years ago, with remains found in Miocene deposits in France, Germany and Poland.

The oldest exposed rocks are Miocene, suggesting that subduction and volcanism began considerably later than in Java and Sumatra to the west, where there are abundant volcanic and intrusive rocks of Late Mesozoic age.

The section of the fault in the Carrizo plain is the oldest section along the entire fault zone, where cumulative right-lateral offset is ~ 195 miles (~ 315 km ) since early Miocene time.

Orthonyx kaldowinyeri is known from Middle or Late Miocene deposits of Riversleigh ; it is the oldest and smallest species known to date ( Boles, 1993 ).

The principal artesian aquifer is the largest, oldest, and deepest aquifer in the southeastern U. S. Ranging over, it underlies all of Florida and The Floridan portion developed millions of years ago during the late Paleocene to early Miocene periods, when Florida was underwater.

The Aquitanian is, in the ICS ' geologic timescale, the oldest age or lowest stage in the Miocene.

Two species are described in the literature: A. ramidus, which lived about 4. 4 million years ago during the early Pliocene, and A. kadabba, dated to approximately 5. 6 million years ago ( late Miocene ).

The islands are formed of marine limestone and dolostone that was uplifted during the late Miocene epoch.

Hyperborea, which is a lost continent of the Miocene period, and Poseidonis, which is a remnant of Atlantis, are much the same, with a magical culture characterized by bizarreness, cruelty, death and postmortem horrors.

The early Late Miocene Nakalipithecus nakayamai, described in 2007, and perhaps also its contemporary Ouranopithecus, are basal members of this clade, not assignable to any of the three extant tribes.

The Miocene boundaries are not marked by a single distinct global event but consist rather of regional boundaries between the warmer Oligocene and the cooler Pliocene.

Jurassic sediments are present in very small areas near the western coast and Miocene limestones underlie the northwestern part of the country and extend south in a relatively narrow belt along the west coast.

The appearance of grasses during the Eocene and their subsequent spread during the Miocene ( about 20 million years ago ) saw a major change ; grasses are very difficult to eat and the even-toed ungulates with their highly-developed stomachs were better able to adapt to this coarse, low-nutrition diet, and soon replaced the odd-toed ungulates as the dominant terrestrial herbivores.

The earliest fossils of Centrarchidae are from Middle Miocene Nebraska, belonging to the redear sunfish ( 13. 6-16. 3 million years ago ).

Several important archaeological and palaeontological sites, some of which have yielded fossil hominoids and hominins, are present in the Miocene to Pleistocene sedimentary sequences of the Tugen Hills.

Fossils of true geese are hard to assign to genus ; all that can be said is that their fossil record, particularly in North America, is dense and comprehensively documents many different species of true geese that have been around since about 10 million years ago in the Miocene.

Most extant genera are known to exist since the Late Miocene or Early Pliocene ( c. 5 mya ).

Miocene fossils have been found in both California and Maryland, but the greater diversity of fossils and tribes in the Pacific leads most scientists to conclude that it was there they first evolved, and it is in the Miocene Pacific that the first fossils of extant genera are found.

The two extant families of sirenians are thought to have diverged in the mid-Eocene, after which the dugongs and their closest relative, the Steller's sea cow, split off from a common ancestor in the Miocene.

While there are a few prehistoric genera that are now completely extinct, Thiornis ( Late Miocene -?

The remains of the most spectacular of these are the Miocene volcanics centred on Otago Harbour.

The reservoirs of the Midway-Sunset field are composited layers of mostly unconsolidated sandstones of late Miocene age, shallowly buried.

The Thorp Prairie sits atop the basalt flows and ends at a deep canyon of Miocene columnar basalt structures carved by Swauk Creek whose headwaters are at Blewett Pass along US 97 to the north.

P. lorteti is also recognized from the middle Miocene of Asia ( Jiangsu, China ), where two additional species, Pseudaelurus guangheensis from the middle Miocene of Gansu ( China ) and Pseudaelurus cuspidatus from the middle Miocene of Xinjiang ( China ) are reported.