In 1578 the Mongol ruler Altan Khan bestowed the title Dalai Lama on Sonam Gyatso.

It was written in the Tarikh-i Firishta ( 1606 – 1607 ) that Nasir ud din Mahmud the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate presented the envoy of the Mongol ruler Hulegu Khan with a dazzling pyrotechnics display upon his arrival in Delhi in 1258 AD.

Nasir ud din Mahmud tried to express his strength as a ruler and tried to ward off any Mongol attempt similar to the Siege of Baghdad ( 1258 ).

In Baghdad he found Abu Sa ' id, the last Mongol ruler of the unified Ilkhanate, leaving the city and heading north with a large retinue.

According to Coleridge's Preface to Kubla Khan, the poem was composed one night after he experienced an opium influenced dream after reading a work describing Xanadu, the summer palace of the Mongol ruler and Emperor of China Kublai Khan.

The book contained a brief description of Xanadu, the summer capital of the Mongol ruler Kublai Khan.

During his first crusade in 1248, Louis was approached by envoys from Eljigidei, the Mongol ruler of Armenia and Persia.

* 1260 – Kublai Khan becomes ruler of the Mongol Empire.

In 1267, Pope Clement IV and King James I of Aragon sent an ambassador to the Mongol ruler Abaqa in the person of Jayme Alaric de Perpignan.

In April 1305, the Mongol Ilkhan ruler Oljeitu sent an embassy led by Buscarello de Ghizolfi to Clement, Philip IV of France, and Edward I of England.

The message asked the Mongol ruler to become a Christian and stop his aggression against Europe.

The mission met with the Mongol ruler Baichu near the Caspian Sea in 1247.

* Batu Khan, Mongol ruler and the founder of the Golden Horde

** Tsar Chaka, Mongol ruler of Bulgaria

* Güyük Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire

* 1255 – Batu Khan, Mongol ruler and founder of the Blue Horde ( b. c. 1205 )

* May 11 – Mahmud Ghazan, Mongol ruler ( b. 1271 )

** Abu Sa ' id, Mongol ruler ( b. 1316 )

* March 10 – Arghun, Mongol ruler in Persia

* November 5 – Mahmud Ghazan, Mongol ruler ( d. 1304 )

* Hulagu Khan, Mongol ruler of Persia ( d. 1265 )

* Batu Khan, Mongol ruler and founder of the Blue Horde

Kublai Khan becomes ruler of the Mongol Empire.

* 1287 – Mongol Ilhan Arghun Khan dispatches Rabban Bar Sauma to the leaders of Europe to negotiate an alliance against Muslim states, specifically the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt.

* Mongol Ilkhan Arghun Khan dispatches Rabban Bar Sauma to the leaders of Europe to negotiate an alliance against the Muslim states, specifically the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt.

Bar Sauma presented an offer of a Franco-Mongol alliance with Arghun of the Mongol Ilkhanate in Baghdad.

Many new-born children in Italy were named after Mongol rulers, including Hulagu: names such as Can Grande (" Great Khan "), Alaone ( Hulagu ), Argone ( Arghun ) or Cassano ( Ghazan ) are recorded.

There were notable Oirats in the Mongol Empire such as Arghun Agha and his son Nowruz.

Letter from Arghun, Khan of the Mongol Ilkhanate, to Pope Nicholas IV, 1290

* Arghun ( c. 1258 – 1291 ), or Argun, ruler of the Mongol empire's Ilkhanate

However his nephew Arghun, the governor of Khorasan, was a Buddhist ; and asked Kublai Khan, the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire and the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, for help.

* Kublai Khan and other Mongol Khans are mentioned within the book as well as an interesting portrayal of Arghun Khan prior to his days as a khan with the name Arghun Bagadhur.

* Tamar ( by Altun ) was married twice: a Mongol prince, son of Arghun Khan, and later the Georgian noble Sadun of Mankaberdi, regent of the kingdom in 1269-1278.

Bugha and his family were massacred, and the Georgian king, suspected to be involved in a plot, was ordered to the Mongol capital, or Arghun threatened to invade Georgia.

According to historian Peter Jackson, the 14th century saw such a vogue of Mongol things in the West that many new-born children in Italy were named after Mongol rulers, including Ghazan: names such as Can Grande (" Great Khan "), Alaone ( Hulagu, Ghazan's great-grandfather ), Argone ( Arghun, Ghazan's grandfather ) or Cassano ( Ghazan ) were recorded with a high frequency.

He had originally been governor of Seljuk Anatolia, and was nominated for the throne by an influential Mongol commander, Ta ' achar, who had murdered Gaykhatu's brother Arghun and intended to promote Baydu, but Baydu didn't show up at the quriltai, so Gaykhatu was enthroned instead.

The 7 Mongol princes were sent by Jani Beg khan to assist Poland.

The Mongol leader Abaqa Khan sent a delegation of 13-16 Mongols to the Second Council of Lyon ( 1274 ), which created a great stir, particularly when their leader ' Zaganus ' underwent a public baptism.

The Mongol Ilkhanate leader Abaqa sent a delegation with over a dozen members to the 1274 Council of Lyon, where plans were made for possible military cooperation between the Mongols and the Europeans.

The warlike tendencies of the Tartars also concerned the Pope, and he sent a papal nuncio to the Mongol Empire in an attempt to strike an agreement.

James sent an ambassador to Abaqa in the person of Jayme Alaric de Perpignan, who returned with a Mongol embassy in 1269.

Fifty years before, the Kamakura bakufu had agreed to Korean demands that Japanese pirates ( wako ) be dealt with to stop their raids, and this bit of good diplomacy had created a cooperative relationship between the two states, such that the Koreans, helpless with a Mongol occupation army garrisoning their country, had sent much intelligence information to Japan, so that along with messages from Japanese spies in the Korean peninsula, the bakufu had a good picture of the situation of the pending Mongol invasion.

After the surviving forces returned to Mongol territory, Kublai was not dissuaded from his intentions on bringing the Japanese empire under Mongol control, and once again sent a message to the bakufu to submit, which infuriated the Hōjō leadership, who had the messengers executed.

The seven Mongol princes were sent by Janibeg to assist Poland.

In 1378 Mamai sent a Mongol army, but it was defeated by Dmitry's forces in the Battle of Vozha River.

He also recorded that the kings of the Mongol has repeatedly tried to attack Java, but always ended up in failure and managed to be sent back to the mainland.

A combined force of Poles, Czechs and Germans under the command of the Polish duke Henry II the Pious of Silesia, supported by feudal nobility and a few knights from military orders sent by the Pope, attempted to halt the Mongol invasion of Europe.

Kim Jun took a pro-Mongol policy and sent Crown Prince Wang Jeon to the Mongol Empire.

Goryeo sent Wang Jun, a member of the Goryeo royal family, as a hostage to the Mongol Empire.

According to some sources, Buri, who was sent to his grandfather Chagatai, never returned to join the Mongol conquest of Europe.

Fa Ngieo, involved in various coups and coup attempts, in 1330 sent his two sons to a Buddhist monastery outside the Mongol realm for safety.

An-Nasir Yusuf sent an embassy to the Mongol capital Karakorum in 1250, shortly after assuming power.

In order to be accepted by other khanates as the sovereign of Mongol world, Tugh Temur, who had a good knowledge of Chinese language and history and was also a creditable poet, calligrapher, and painter, sent Genghisid princes and descendants of other notable Mongol generals to the Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhan Abu Said and Ozbeg.

Leo Frankowski made glories a key plot element in his Conrad Stargard saga, where the protagonist and title character is sent back in time to the 13th century where he has to establish himself and cope with various crises including planning for the eventual Mongol invasion of Eastern Europe in 1241.

Nanjing in response sent Huang Shaoxiong as an envoy, who in the end authorised the creation of the Mongol Local Autonomy Political Affairs Committee.