The style of Spanish popular songs of the time is presumed to have been heavily influenced by Moorish music, especially in the south, but as much of the country still spoke various Latin dialects while under Moorish rule ( known today as Mozarabic ) earlier musical folk styles from the pre-Islamic period continued in the countryside where most of the population lived, in just the same way as the Mozarabic Chant continued to flourish in the churches.

Although the name Mozarabic is today used for many Romance languages, the native name ( autonym or endonym ) of the language was not " Muzarab " or " Mozarab " but Latinus or Latino.

This resulted in regional variations of the Latin liturgical rite such as the Celtic rite and Gallican rite, of which today only the Mozarabic rite and Ambrosian rite remain in addition to the normative Roman rite.

# The Great Entrance and Offertory .-- It seems appropriate to give the Byzantine name to this ceremony, for, according to St. Germanus's description, it resembled the Great Entrance of that rite rather than anything which is now found in either the Roman or the Mozarabic of today, or in the Celtic Rite ; and the Procession of the Vecchioni at Milan is altogether a different matter.

The city was called by the name Ixbilia in the Mozarabic language, which became Sivilia, and finally reached the form " Sevilla ", as it is known today.

It was only in the 19th century that Spanish historians started to use the words " Mozarabs " and " Mozarabic " to refer to those Christians people and their language who lived under Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula in the Middle Ages.

So the words " Mozarabic " or " ajamiya " are exonyms and not an autonym of the language.

* The lack of lenition of intervocalic,,, as in the Mozarabic words lopa ( she-wolf ), toto ( all ) and formica ( ant ).

This Romance variety had a significant impact in the formation of Portuguese, Spanish and especially Andalusian Spanish, which explains why these languages have numerous words of Andalusi Arabic origin ( Mozarabic was, understandably, quite influenced by Arabic and vice versa ).

When the Mozarabic rite was given a new lease on life in 1500, the Roman words of institution, the key words that Jesus used at the Last Supper, were required.

Originally, the Mozarabic words of institution were from St. Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians ( 11: 24 ), with the formula for the consecration of the wine being a combination of 1 Corinthians 11: 24, Luke 22: 20, and Matthew 26: 28.

These were the words written on the ( old ) Mozarabic Missal, though the Roman formula was included as a footnote in the Missal and was used in actual practice in place of the old Spanish formula ( note, however, that it was reinstituted by the modern Mozarabic Missal ).

Modern Portuguese still has a large number of words of Arabic origin ( many were absorbed indirectly through Mozarabic ) especially relating to food, agriculture and the crafts, which have no cognates in other Romance languages except in Spanish.

In the Mozarabic the particle Regnum is dipped in the chalice with the words " Vicit Leo de tribu Juda, radix David, Alleluia.

Because Mozarabic was not a language of high culture, it had no official script.

There was no fixed anaphora or Eucharistic prayer in the Mozarabic rite of Mass, which permitted a fair degree of extemporaneous flexibility.

The chief authorities for the Gallican Mass are the letters of St. Germanus of Paris ( 555-576 ); and by a comparison of these with the extant Sacramentaries, not only of Gaul but of the Celtic Rite, with the Irish tracts on the Mass, with the books of the still existing Mozarabic Rite, and with the descriptions of the Hispanic Mass given by St. Isidore, one may arrive at a fairly clear general idea of the service, though there exists no Gallican Ordinary of the Mass and no Antiphoner.

# The Sanctus .-- The Gallican wording is not found, but there is no reason to suspect any variations unless the Mozarabic " gloria majestatis tuae " was also Gallican.

The Gallican Liturgy, the Mozarabic Liturgy, and, to a certain extent, the Milanese, have preserved the Lucernarium ( cf.

The presence of a very definite Post-Sanctus of undoubted Hispano-Gallican form in the Ambrosian Mass of Easter Eve requires more explanation than it has received, and the whole question of provenance is further complicated by a theory, into which Ceriani does not enter, of a Roman origin of all the Latin liturgies, Gallican, Celtic, Mozarabic, and Ambrosian alike.

The liturgies of the patriarchal cities in particular had greater influence on their regions so that by the 5th century it becomes possible to distinguish among several families of liturgies, in particular the Jerusalem, Alexandrian, Antiochene, Byzantine, and Syrian families in the East, and in the Latin West, the African ( completely lost ), Gallican, Celtic, Ambrosian, Roman, and Hispanic ( Mozarabic ) families.

There is evidence that the Mozarabic rite is tied to the Gallican rite, given common points of construction.

Schaff argues for an Oriental element in both the Gallican and the Mozarabic ( or Old Hispanic ), while Jenner quotes Dom Marius Férotin, O. S. B., who writes that the framework of the liturgy is from Italy or Rome, while various details such as hymns are from Iberia, Africa, and Gaul.

In the year 870, Charles the Bald, wishing to see what the ancient Gallican Rite had been like, had priests sent from Spain to celebrate the Mozarabic Rite before him.

Ritual blowing occurs in the liturgies of catechumenate and baptism from a very early period and survives into the modern Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Maronite, and Coptic rites .< ref > Alongside Martène and Suntrup ( cited above ), convenient collections of illustrative material include W. G. Henderson, ed., < cite > Manuale et Processionale ad usum insignis Ecclesiae Eboracensis ,</ cite > Surtees Society Publications 63 ( Durham, 1875 for 1874 ), especially Appendix III " Ordines Baptismi " below as < cite > York Manual </ cite >; Joseph Aloysius Assemanus, < cite > Codex liturgicus ecclesiae universae, I: De Catechumenis </ cite > and < cite > II: De Baptismo </ cite > ( Rome, 1749 ; reprinted Paris and Leipzig, 1902 ); J. M. Neale, ed., < cite > The Ancient Liturgies of the Gallican Church ... together with Parallel Passages from the Roman, Ambrosian, and Mozarabic Rites </ cite > ( London, 1855 ; rpt.

A comparison with the Ambrosian books ( see Ambrosian Liturgy and Rite ) may also be of service, while most lacunae in our knowledge of the Gallican Rite may reasonably be conjecturally filled up from the Mozarabic books, which even in their present form are those of substantially the same rite.

St. Isidore associates it with the fourth prayer, which in the Gallican and Mozarabic books is called Ad Pacem.

The Gallican books, the Bobbio, and the Mozarabic Missal give a variable one for every Mass, and the Gallican books often give two.

# The Post-Pridie, called also Post Mysterium and Post Secreta, these two being the more usual Gallican names, while Post-Pridie is the universal Mozarabic name.

The Mozarabic Rite has as variable texts the Illatio ( i. e. the Preface ), the Post-Sanctus and the Post-Pridie, that is the prayer said between the Institution narrative and the doxology in place of the Intercessions which are placed before the Sursum Corda.

# the Mozarabic Breviary, once in use throughout all Spain, but now confined to a single foundation at Toledo ; it is remarkable for the number and length of its hymns, and for the fact that the majority of its collects are addressed to God the Son ;

Simplistically speaking, the only ' national hands ' to continue were the Visigothic ( or Mozarabic ), which survived into the 12th or 13th century ; the Beneventan, which was still being used in the middle of the 16th century ; and Insular script, which was used to write texts in the Irish at least through the 20th century and formed the basis for Gaelic type, just as caroline minuscule formed the basis for Roman type.

The slaughter of Christians at the Battle of the River Garonne was evidently horrific ; the Mozarabic Chronicle of 754 commented, "", (" God alone knows the number of the slain ").

This is confirmed by the implicit approval of St. Gregory the Great and by well attested facts ; in the East, for example, Hilarion, Ephrem, and other confessors were publicly honoured in the fourth century ; and, in the West, St. Martin of Tours, as is gathered plainly from the oldest Breviaries and the Mozarabic Missal, and St. Hilary of Poitiers, as can be shown from the very ancient Mass-book known as " Missale Francorum ", were objects of a like cultus in the same century.

Neale considered that the Ambrosian Rite was a Romanized form of this Hispano-Gallican-or Ephesine Rite ; he never brought much evidence for this view, being generally contented with stating it and giving a certain number of not very convincing comparisons with the Mozarabic Rite ( Essays on Liturgiology, ed.

The Council of Trent permitted rites in existence for at least 200 years to continue in use ; however, practically all rites were suppressed except the rites in use in monastic orders and the fore-mentioned Ambrosian and Mozarabic liturgical rites.

The Mozarabic has for 29 December " Sanctus Jacobus Frater Domini ", but that is the other St. James ); Holy Innocents ; Circumcision ; St. Genevieve ( Luxeuil Lectionary only.

Nothing is said of any Praeparatio Sacerdotis, but there is one given in the Stowe Missal ; and the Irish tracts describe a preliminary preparation of the Chalice, as does also the Mozarabic Missal.

Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros ( d. 1517 ) published in 1500 a Mozarabic missal, and two years later a breviary, both of which were formally approved by Pope Julius II.

The Torre de la Reina, comprising a basement and three floors, is particularly noteworthy for three sets of twin-arched windows, with columns of exaggerated entasis and trapezoidal capitals that have been related to both Lombard and Mozarabic architectural forms.

But the Iberian Mozarabic Rite has, like the allied Celtic Rite, enough of an independent history to require separate treatment, so that though it will be necessary to allude to both by way of illustration, this article will be devoted primarily to the rite once used in what is now France.