* The Avengers ( group ) or, groups of Jewish assassins that targeted Nazi war criminals

On 14 November Dorothy Thompson, who in 1934 had become the first American journalist to be expelled from Nazi Germany, made an impassioned broadcast to an estimated 5 million listeners in defence of Grynszpan, pointing out that the Nazis themselves had made heroes of the assassins of Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss and German Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau.

The Nazi assassins holding the Federal Chancellery Vienna surrendered after threats to dynamite the building and were executed before the end of July.

He argued that the deserters were " assassins of battle comrades ", and criticized what he called the " brutal persecution " of Austrian Nazis after 1945, saying that " more than 99 % of Austrians " had been members of the Nazi party.

The oppression and persecution of the defiant Czechs reached its peak following the failure of Nazi soldiers to capture the assassins alive.

Fierce fighting took place primarily in the East of Austria, especially in the streets of some outer Vienna districts, where large fortress-like municipal workers ' buildings were situated, and in the northern, industrial areas of the province of Styria, where Nazi agents had great interest in a bloodbath between security forces and workers ' militias.

He replaced the ambassador to Vienna with Franz von Papen and prevented the conspirators entering Germany, also expelling them from the Austrian Nazi Party.

His first wife was, from 1919, confined in the Vienna mental hospital Am Steinhof, and three years after his death was murdered under the Nazi euthanasia laws.

We know little of her past, except that as a young woman she lived in Vienna, was once married, and she carries what is presumably a Nazi concentration camp tattoo on one arm, although the tattoo itself is historically inaccurate with respect to actual camp tattoos.

Whilst in Vienna, working to aid refugees from Nazi Germany, Philby met and fell in love with Litzi Friedmann ( born Alice Kohlmann ), a young Austrian Communist of Hungarian Jewish origins.

Singer's parents were Viennese Jews who emigrated to Australia from Vienna in 1938, after Austria's annexation by Nazi Germany.

Some were included in the Degenerate Art exhibition of 1937, despite his protests, including ( later ) a personal appeal to Nazi gauleiter Baldur von Schirach in Vienna.

By 1933, however, Singer was forced to flee Nazi Germany to Vienna.

Following the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi regime, in 1938 the University of Vienna was reformed under political aspects and a huge number of teachers and students were dismissed for political and " racial " reasons.

Following the rise of the Nazi Party and the annexation of Austria, Paul tried to persuade his sisters Helene and Hermine to leave Vienna, but they demurred: they were attached to their homes there, and could not believe such a distinguished family as theirs was in real danger.

Born in Poland in 1924 and raised in Vienna, he was interned in detention camps under the Vichy French and fled the Nazi advance by coming to the United States in 1941.

Yakov Liebermann is a Nazi hunter: he runs a center in Vienna that documents crimes against humanity perpetrated during the Holocaust.

Otto's cousins Max, Duke of Hohenberg, and Prince Ernst of Hohenberg were arrested in Vienna by the Gestapo and sent to Dachau concentration camp where they remained throughout the Nazi rule.

She witnessed the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi movement, and " saw roving Nazi gangs randomly beating Jewish men and women in the streets " of Vienna.

The Vienna Circle was dispersed when the Nazi party came to power in Germany ; many of its members emigrated to USA, where they taught in several universities.

Schlick remained in Austria, but in 1936 he was killed by a Nazi sympathizer student in the University of Vienna.

As required by Nazi politicians, five or six ex-Austrian players, from the clubs Rapid Vienna, Austria Vienna, Vienna Wien, were ordered to join the all-German team on short notice in a staged show of unity orchestrated for political reasons.

He was born in Vienna, and emigrated to the U. S. at the onset of World War II to escape the Nazi persecution which took his parents ' lives.

In December 1944 they were transferred from Dachau to Slovenia, together with Milan Nedić, the Serbian collaborationist PM, and German general Hermann Neubacher, the first Nazi mayor of Vienna ( 1938 – 1939 ), as the Nazis attempted to make use of Patriarch Gavrilo's and Nikolaj's authority among the Serbs in order to gain allies in the anti-Communist movements.

The battle of Vienna between Soviet and Nazi forces was over on 13 April 1945.

* 1945 – The Nazi occupation army surrenders and leaves Northern Italy after a general partisan insurrection by the Italian resistance movement ; the puppet fascist regime dissolves and Benito Mussolini tries to escape.

In the summer of 1944, after having crushed the Nazi defence around Iaşi and Chişinău, the Soviet Army was approaching the Balkans and Bulgaria.

( nach Christus / Christi Geburt, after Christ / the Nativity of Christ ); the use of this convention was already prescribed in Nazi Germany.

Heidegger, while acknowledging his debt to Husserl, followed a political position offensive and harmful to Husserl after the Nazi regime came to power in 1933, Husserl being of Jewish origin and Heidegger infamously being then a Nazi proponent.

Dollfuss modeled Austrofascism after Italian fascism juxtaposed to Catholic corporatism and anti-secularism, dropping Austrian pretences of reunification with Germany as long as the Nazi Party remained in power.

As World War II loomed after 1938, with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggressions of Nazi Germany, FDR gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China and the United Kingdom, while remaining officially neutral.

One early admirer of the Italian Fascists was Adolf Hitler, who, less than a month after the March, had begun to model himself and the Nazi Party upon Mussolini and the Fascists.

Unwilling to return to Austria after the Anschluss brought it under the control of Nazi Germany in 1938, Hayek remained in Britain and became a British subject in 1938.

He was given a commission to write a cantata entitled " The German Resurrection ", which, after 1945, was taken by many as a reason to brand him as having been tainted by Nazi sympathy.

Orwell was opposed to rearmament against Nazi Germany — but he changed his view after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the outbreak of the war.

Immediately after the establishment of the holiday in 1933, the Nazis banned trade unions on May 2, 1933 and occupied their buildings as offices for the Nazi Movement.

On 10 May 1940 Nazi Germany invaded the country and, after destroying Rotterdam, occupied it.

In November 2009, Hezbollah pressured a private English-language school to drop excerpts from The Diary of Anne Frank, a book of the writings from the diary kept by the Jewish child Anne Frank while she was in hiding with her family during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands, after Hezbollah's Al-Manar television channel complained, asking how long Lebanon would " remain an open arena for the Zionist invasion of education "?

During and after the German occupation Hergé was accused of being a collaborator because of the Nazi control of the paper (), and he was briefly taken in for interrogation after the war.

In August 1939, after Stalin's attempts to establish an Anglo-Franco-Soviet Alliance failed, Stalin entered into a pact with Nazi Germany that divided their influence in Eastern Europe and allowed the USSR to regain some of its lost territories.

While Stalin personally told a Polish general they'd " lost track " of the officers in Manchuria, Polish railroad workers found the mass grave after the 1941 Nazi invasion.

The result of Goebbels ’ incitement was Kristallnacht, the " Night of Broken Glass ," during which the S. A. and Nazi Party went on a rampage of anti-Jewish violence and destruction, killing at least 90 and maybe as many as 200 people, destroying over a thousand synagogues and hundreds of Jewish businesses and homes, and dragging some 30, 000 Jews off to concentration camps, where at least another thousand died before the remainder were released after several months of brutal treatment.

But after the war, Prufer rewrote his entire diaries in order to remake himself from an anti-Semitic German ultra-nationalist into a Nazi opponent who was utterly disgusted by Nazi anti-Semitism ; his deception was not exposed until the 1980s by American historian Donald McKale.