Georgios I ( also George I ; ) was a ruler of the Nubian state of Makuria ( c. AD 860-920 ).

Nobatia was merged with the Upper Nubian state of Makuria, but Lower Nubia became steadily more Arabized and Islamicized and eventually became de facto independent as the state of al-Maris.

However, Muslim Arab invaders, who in 640 had conquered Egypt, posed a threat to the Christian Nubian kingdoms.

One half of the people found in a Nubian cemetery dating to as early as 12, 000 years ago had died of violence.

In an inscription from Napata ( in the Berlin museum ) the Nubian king Nastasen relates that he had defeated the troops of " Kambasuten " and taken all his ships.

Taharqa was the son of Piye, the Nubian king of Napata who had first conquered Egypt.

Allying with the Protestant Baganda chiefs, the British set about conquering the rest of the country, aided by Nubian mercenary troops who had formerly served the khedive of Egypt.

Upon victory, he had the Nubian king's body hung from the prow of his ship, before he returned to Thebes.

However, the relatively shallow Giza-type pyramids were not exclusively used by the Egyptians ; steeper pyramids of the Nubian type were favoured by the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt that had been brought to an end in the Roman conquest of 30 BC.

This watershed event worsened Egypt's woes, because she had now lost control of all her imperial possessions and was denied access to a regular supply of Nubian gold.

Consequently, it would appear that Ramesses XI's highest undisputed date is presently Year 11 of the Whm-Mswt ( or Year 29 proper ) of his reign, when Piankh's Nubian campaign terminated which means that the pharaoh had a minimum reign of 29 years when he died —- which can perhaps be extended to 30 years due to the " gap between the beginning of Dynasty 21 and the reign of Ramesses XI.

The target of Kamose's second Nubian campaign may have been the fortress at Buhen which the Nubians had recaptured from Kamose's forces since a stela bearing his cartouche was deliberately erased and there is fire damage in the fort itself.

In 1272 the Mamluk Sultan Baybars invaded, after King David I had attacked the Egyptian city of Aidhab, initiating several decades of intervention by the Mamlukes in Nubian affairs.

Old Nubian had its source in the languages of the Noba nomads who occupied the Nile between the First and Third Cataracts and the Makorae nomads who occupied the land between the Third and Fourth Cataracts following the collapse of Meroë sometime in the 4th century.

After Amin's overthrow in 1979, Muslims became the victims of the backlash that was directed primarily against the Kakwa and Nubian ethnic groups who had supported Amin.

Nubia had already been Christianized, also from Egypt, hence the old Nubian church followed Coptic Christianity.

The south of the Libyan Desert has the most important supply of subterranean water in the world through the Nubian Aquifer, and the first inhabitants of the Dakhla Oasis had access to surface water sources.

Prior to Piye's Year 20 campaign into Egypt, the previous Nubian ruler – Kashta – had already extended his kingdom's influence over into Thebes when he compelled Shepenupet, the serving Divine Adoratice of Amun and Takelot III's sister, to adopt his own daughter Amenirdis, to be her successor.

It had hitherto been assumed that the Nubian king ( Shabaka ) handed over Yamani more or less immediatedly after his flight to Egypt.

However, Frank Yurco notes that various depictions of Messuwy in several Nubian temples were never deliberately defaced by Seti II's agents compared to the damnatio memoriae meted out to all depictions of another Viceroy of Kush, Kha-em-ter, who had served as Amenmesse's Vizier.

Near him, and reclining upon cushions, are two Circassian women, also dressed in the extremity of Oriental taste ... On the right is seen a tall Nubian eunuch, who removes from the shoulders of an Egyptian slave the shawl by which she had been covered, in order to show her to the master of the harem ; this figure with her high shoulders and the characteristics of her features, is a most successful national impersonation.

Having, by a bold speech, revived the drooping hopes of his brother Crusaders, and reproved the queen and his kinswoman for tampering with the Scot, Richard received him, disguised as a Nubian slave, as a present from Saladin, with whom he had been induced to spend several days.

His final campaign which was in Year 19 was less successful because the king's forces were caught by the Nile being lower than normal and they had to retreat and abandon their campaign to avoid being trapped in hostile Nubian territory.

Many famous people are buried in the graveyard: Elizabeth Barrett Browning ( in a tomb designed by Frederic, Lord Leighton ), Walter Savage Landor, Arthur Hugh Clough, Fanny Trollope and her daughter-in-law Theodosia Garrow Trollope and three other family members, Isa Blagden, Southwood Smith, Hiram Powers, Joel Tanner Hart, Theodore Parker, Fanny, the wife of William Holman Hunt in a tomb he himself sculpted, Mary, the daughter of John Roddam Spencer Stanhope in a tomb he himself sculpted, Louise, sister to Henry Adams, whose dying he describes in his ' Chaos ' chapter in The Education of Henry Adams, two children of the Greek painter George Mignaty, whom Robert had paint Casa Guidi as it was when Elizabeth Barrett Browning died there, and Nadezhda De Santis, a black Nubian slave brought to Florence at fourteen from Jean-François Champollion's 1827 expedition to Egypt and Nubia, while the French Royalist exile Félicie de Fauveau sculpted two tombs here.

Live at PJ's ' track " N. T " has been sampled extensively by artists such as Boogie Down Productions, Brand Nubian, De La Soul, A Tribe Called Quest, Nas, N. W. A and Kris Kross.

Additionally, important comparative work on the Nubian languages has been carried out by Thelwall and Bechhaus-Gerst in the second half of the twentieth century.

Since the 1950s, Latin has been used by 4 authors, Arabic by 2, and Old Nubian by 1, in the publication of various books of proverbs, dictionaries, and textbooks.

In northern and central parts of Sudan, Sudanese colloquial Arabic has been influenced by the Nubian language, which in ancient times was the dominant language in Southern Egypt and Northern Sudan.

He appears to have been of Nubian descent – nehsi ( nHs. j ) meaning He of Nubia – and held a number of important official positions, such as Wearer of the Royal Seal and chief treasurer.

This view has been accepted by many Egyptologists today such as Aidan Dodson, Rolf Krauss, David Aston, and Karl Jansen-Winkeln among others because there is no concrete evidence for coregencies or internal political / regional divisions in the Nubian kingdom during the Twenty-fifth Dynasty.

Three ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Nubian after the people of Nubia.

: " there has never been the slightest hint at any form of coregency of the Nubian kings of Dynasty 25.

It has been written in both Latinized and Arabic scripts ; also, recently there have been efforts to revive the Old Nubian alphabet.

Many manuscripts have been unearthed in the Nile Valley, mainly between the first and fifth cataracts, testifying to a firm Nubian presence in the area during the first millennium.

About 6, 000 people have been resettled to the Al-Multaqah site in the Nubian desert during 2003 and 2004.

House of Pain abruptly broke up in 1996 after the release of their third album, Truth Crushed to Earth Shall Rise Again, which featured guest appearances by rappers Sadat X of Brand Nubian, Guru of Gang Starr, producer / rapper Divine Styler and reggae singjay Cockni O ' Dire ( credited as the Scheme Team ).

The earliest references to Nubia's successor kingdoms are contained in accounts by Greek and Egyptian Coptic authors of the conversion of Nubian kings to Christianity in the 6th century AD.

* c. 3000 BC Nubian A-Group, Ta-Seeti " kingdom " came to an end, possibly due to raids by Egypt

* 701 BC November 10 — Deliverance from Assyrian attack ; King Hezekiah of Judah, backed by Nubian Empire, revolts against king Sennacherib of Assyria.

The late origin of Maahes in the Egyptian pantheon may be the incorporation of a Nubian deity of ancient origin in that culture, arriving during trade and warfare or even, during a period of domination by Nubia.

Although mentioned in the pyramid texts of Ancient Egypt as being a Nubian deity, there is no evidence that Dedun was worshipped by the Egyptians, nor that he was worshipped in any location north of Swenet ( contemporary Aswan ), which was considered the most southerly city of Ancient Egypt.

Nevertheless, in the Middle Kingdom of Egypt, during the Egyptian rule over Kush, Dedun was said by the Egyptians to be the protector of deceased Nubian rulers and their god of incense, thereby associated with funerary rites.

*" Ragtime ", a song by Brand Nubian from their 1990 album One for All

* " Wake Up ", by Brand Nubian from One for All

Weather Report's breakout album was 1974's Mysterious Traveller, which also featured the debut of new drummer Ishmail Wilburn ( although on the title track and " Nubian Sundance " his playing was doubled by that of Skip Hadden ).

Burckhardt temporarily abandoned this goal to travel up the Nile as far as Dar Mahass ; and then, finding it impossible to penetrate westward, he made a journey through the Nubian desert in the character of a poor Syrian merchant, passing by Berber and Shendi to Suakin, on the Red Sea, whence he performed the pilgrimage to Mecca by way of Jidda.

" Bad Tune " was sampled by Lupe Fiasco on his song " Carrera Lu " on his album Food & Liquor and by Brand Nubian on their song " Dance to My Ministry " that was featured on their album One for All.

Pola was eventually sunk with torpedoes by the destroyers Jervis and Nubian after her crew was taken off, shortly after 04: 00.

He is portrayed by Lord Jamar of the hip hop group Brand Nubian.

Saladin consolidated his control in Egypt after ordering Turan-Shah to put down a revolt in Cairo staged by the Fatimid army's 50, 000-strong Nubian regiments.

The Nubian language group, according to the most recent research by Bechhaus-Gerst comprises the following varieties:

Ahmed Mounib, Mohamed Mounir's mentor, was by far the most notable Nubian singer to hit the Egyptian music scene, singing in both Egyptian Arabic his native Nobiin.

The first known Western classical composition to feature a goblet drum is the opera Les Troyens ( 1856 – 1858 ) by the French composer Hector Berlioz, which calls for a tarbuka in the Dance of the Nubian Slaves in Act IV.