* 842 – Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German languages.

Two of his sons – Charles the Bald and Louis the German – swore allegiance to each other against their brother – Lothair I – in the Oaths of Strasbourg, and the empire was divided among Louis's three sons ( Treaty of Verdun, 843 ).

After his brother Louis the German and his half-brother Charles the Bald defeated his forces at the Battle of Fontenay ( 841 ) and sealed their alliance with the Oaths of Strasbourg ( 842 ), Lothair became willing to negotiate instead of continuing the warfare.

* Oaths of Strasbourg

* The Oaths of Strasbourg, an alliance of Louis the German and Charles the Bald against emperor Lothar, are sworn and recorded in the vernacular languages.

In the following year, the two brothers confirmed their alliance by the celebrated Oaths of Strasbourg.

Alsace remained under Frankish control until the Frankish realm, following the Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, was formally dissolved in 843 at the Treaty of Verdun ; the grandsons of Charlemagne divided the realm into three parts.

Within a generation, the Oaths of Strasbourg ( 842 ), a treaty between Charlemagne's grandsons Charles the Bald and Louis the German, was proffered and recorded in a language that was already distinct from Latin.

Extract of the Oaths of Strasbourg | Oaths, the earliest French text.

On the other hand, even in the Oaths of Strasbourg, no demonstrative appears even in places where one would clearly be called for in all the later languages ( pro christian poblo – " for the Christian people ").

In 842, the Oaths of Strasbourg Charles and Louis agreed to declare Lothar unfit for the imperial throne.

The Oaths of Strasbourg, marked, before the Verdun Treaty the East-West division of the Empire between Louis and Charles.

Considered a milestone in European history, the Oaths of Strasbourg symbolize the birth of both France and Germany.

* Oaths of Strasbourg

* Oaths of Strasbourg

In fact, the Old Frankish language has had a determining influence on the birth of Old French, that explains partly why the first documents in Old French are older than the documents in other Romance languages ( e. g .: Strasbourg Oaths ).

The earliest documents said to be written in French after the Reichenau and Kassel glosses ( 8th and 9th centuries ) are the Oaths of Strasbourg ( treaties and charters into which King Charles the Bald entered in 842 ):

In the 9th century romana lingua ( the term used in the Oaths of Strasbourg of 842 ) was the first of the Romance languages to be recognized by its speakers as a distinct language, probably because it was the most different from Latin compared with the other Romance languages ( see History of the French language ).

Breton soldiers, as well as Gascons, certainly took part in the military show of the Oaths of Strasbourg.

It was certainly in this building that the Oaths of Strasbourg were pronounced in 842.

The Oaths of Strasbourg from 842 is the earliest text written in the early form of French called Romance or Gallo-Romance.

# redirect Oaths of Strasbourg

# REDIRECT Oaths of Strasbourg

The core citations from classical Judaic sources cited by Teitelbaum in his arguments against modern Zionism are based on a passage in the Talmud, Rabbi Yosi b ' Rebbi Hanina explains ( Kesubos 111a ) that the Lord imposed " Three Oaths " on the nation of Israel: a ) Israel should not return to the Land together, by force ; b ) Israel should not rebel against the other nations ; and c ) The nations should not subjugate Israel too harshly.

Oaths are also confused with vows, but really, a vow is a special kind of oath.

Somers acknowledged that judges may advise but juries " are bound by their Oaths to present the Truth, the whole Truth, and nothing but the Truth, to the best of their own, not the Judges ', Knowledge ".

* Oaths should not be said when seeds are being sown lest there is crop damage.

Oaths of allegiance are commonly required of newly-naturalised citizens ( see Oath of Citizenship ), members of the armed forces, and those assuming public ( particularly parliamentary and judicial ) office.

In the Parliament of Canada, such bills are titled Bill C-1, An Act respecting the Administration of Oaths of Office, and Bill S-1, An Act relating to Railways in the Canadian House of Commons and Canadian Senate, respectively.

Oaths are taken very seriously in the Book of the Law, and severe spiritual penalties are forewarned upon all who break their solemn word, once given.

They are traditionally entitled An Act respecting the Administration of Oaths of Office in the House of Commons and An Act relating to Railways in the Senate, although the text of the bills do not mention oaths of office or railways.

* Test Oaths except to the State or Federal Constitutions as qualifications for office or jury are illegal ( Sections 4 and 6 )

According to Mujahid ibn Jabr, Ikrimah ibn Abi-Jahl, Hasan and Muhammad Ash-Shanqeeti: These Oaths are Referring to the 2 fruits and also their locations.

Sisters of the Black Ajah are dedicated to the Dark One and have forsaken their Oaths to the Tower and the Light.

SAICA and AAT are working towards gaining authority in a number of other areas, such as Commissioner of Oaths and Review status.

The Victorian promissory oaths of allegiances, are set out in the Promissory Oaths Act 1868 in the following form:

In the 1997 election, " As a committed republican, under protest, I take the oath required of me by law, under the Parliamentary Oaths Act of 1866, to allow me to represent my constituency … Later stating, " When one looks at the oaths of a Privy Counsellor, a Member of Parliament and the Sovereign at the coronation, they throw an interesting light on the obligations by which we are bound.

The first cycle are the Oaths, one rare enchantment of each color, that would check a resource ( life, creatures, cards in hand ) of each player and then balance them out.

She has since been forced to reswear her Oaths and reveal several other Black Ajah members within the White Tower.

: Mr Thrale's Sobriety, & the Decency of his Conversation being wholly free from all Oaths Ribaldry and Profaneness make him a Man exceedingly comfortable to live with, while the easiness of his Temper and slowness to take Offence add greatly to his Value as a domestic Man: Yet I think his Servants do not much love him, and I am not sure that his Children feel much Affection for him: low People almost all indeed agree to abhorr him, as he has none of that officious & cordial Manner which is universally required by them-nor any Skill to dissemble his dislike of their Coarseness-with Regard to his Wife, tho ' little tender of her Person, he is very partial to her Understanding ,-but he is obliging to nobody ; & confers a Favour less pleasingly than many a Man refuses to confer one.

Two years later, in 1888, he secured passage of a new Oaths Act, which enshrined into law the right of affirmation for members of both Houses, as well as extending and clarifying the law as it related to witnesses in civil and criminal trials ( the Evidence Amendment Acts of 1869 and 1870 had proved unsatisfactory, though they had given relief to many who would otherwise have been disadvantaged ).

The whole Act, except section 5 and so much of section 8 as specified the service and offices from which certain persons were exempt and section 15, was repealed by section 1 of, and Part II of Schedule 1 to, the Promissory Oaths Act 1871.

The first was laid down by the Canons of 1603 / 4 and modified by the Clerical Subscription Act 1865 which also prescribed the form of the declaration against simonyand the words of the oath of allegiance according to the form in the Promissory Oaths Act 1868.

The Laws feature Oaths & vows, Sundry rulings ( halakhot ), Camp laws, and a fragment of Penal codes ( more of which were found in the Qumran fragments ).

A declaration relating to the supremacy of the Sovereign was also included and the oath continued to be made ’ on the true faith of a Christian ’ However, both of these latter elements disappeared from the revised version of the single oath that was subsequently prescribed in the Parliamentary Oaths Act 1866, which repealed much of the earlier pieces of legislation in so far as they related to oaths taken by Members of Parliament.

After the general right to affirm was guaranteed in 1888, the Oaths Act 1909 introduced a change to the ordinary method of taking oaths, which provided for oaths to be sworn on the Bible: in case of a Christian, on the New Testament, and in the case of a Jew on the Old Testament.

In 1688, in preparation for the English Revolution during which William III landed in England, Fagel wrote to English advocate James Stewart calling on public figures there to not use the various anti-Catholic Test Oaths and associated legislation to restrict the liberties of Catholic citizens.