* 1820 – Alexander Ypsilantis is declared leader of Filiki Eteria, a secret organization to overthrow Ottoman rule over Greece.

* 1921 – The British install the son of Sharif Hussein bin Ali ( leader of the Arab Revolt of 1916 against the Ottoman Empire ) as King Faisal I of Iraq.

* 1903 – Fall of the Ottoman Empire: an unsuccessful uprising led by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization against Ottoman Turkey, also known as the Ilinden – Preobrazhenie Uprising, takes place.

* 1696 – Mahmud I, Ottoman Sultan ( d. 1754 )

* 1664 – The Ottoman Empire is defeated in the Battle of Saint Gotthard by an Austrian army led by Raimondo Montecuccoli, resulting in the Peace of Vasvár.

* 1903 – Macedonian rebels in Kruševo proclaim the Kruševo Republic, which exists only for 10 days before Ottoman Turks lay waste to the town.

* 1799 – Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Mount Tabor – Napoleon drives Ottoman Turks across the River Jordan near Acre.

* 1916 – World War I: The British 6th Indian Division surrenders to Ottoman Forces at the Siege of Kut in one of the largest surrenders of British forces up to that point.

* 1480 – Battle of Otranto: Ottoman troops behead 800 Christians for refusing to convert to Islam.

* 1499 – First engagement of the Battle of Zonchio between Venetian and Ottoman fleets.

* 1687 – Battle of Mohács: Charles of Lorraine defeats the Ottoman Empire.

Ahmed I ( Ottoman Turkish: احمد اول Aḥmed-i evvel, ) or Ahmed Bakhti ( April 18, 1590 – November 22, 1617 ) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1603 until his death in 1617.

Ahmed II Khan Ghazi ( Ottoman Turkish: احمد ثانى Aḥmed-i < u > s </ u > ānī ) < span dir =" ltr ">( February 25, 1643 – February 6, 1695 )</ span > was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1691 to 1695.

Ahmed III ( Ottoman Turkish: احمد ثالث Aḥmed-i < u > s </ u > āli < u > s </ u >) < span dir =" ltr ">( December 30 / 31, 1673 – July 1, 1736 )</ span > was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of Sultan Mehmed IV ( 1648 – 87 ).

He afforded refuge in Ottoman territory to Charles XII of Sweden ( 1682 – 1718 ) after the Swedish defeat at the hands of Peter I of Russia ( 1672 – 1725 ) in the Battle of Poltava of 1709.

The city remained Ottoman for a further three centuries, until in 1802 it was retaken by Saudi revolt, who were in alliance with the House of Saud.

Abdullah I bin al-Hussein, King of Jordan Allāh ibn al-Husayn ( February 1882 – 20 July 1951 ) ( Arabic ) عبد الله الأول بن الحسين born in Mecca, Hejaz, Ottoman Empire, ( in modern-day Saudi Arabia ) was the second of three sons of Sherif Hussein bin Ali, Sharif and Emir of Mecca and his first wife Abdiyya bint Abdullah ( d. 1886 ).

Category: People of the Ottoman – Saudi War

Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became part of what is today Saudi Arabia and Yemen.

Category: People of the Ottoman – Saudi War

Category: People of the Ottoman – Saudi War

Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques ( ), a historical term, was a pious title taken by the Ayyubids, the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt, and the Ottoman Sultans ; it has been revived by modern Saudi kings.

Thus, because the first Saudi riyal had the same specifications as the Hejaz riyal and circulated alongside Ottoman coins, it came to be worth 22 Ottoman kuruş and was consequently subdivided into 22 ghirsh when coins denominated in ghirsh were issued from 1925.

However, the Saudis ' conquest of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina drew the ire of the Ottoman Empire, the major Islamic power at the time, led to the Ottoman-Saudi War of 1811 – 1818 and an invasion of Arabia by Ottoman and Egyptian forces brought the Saudi state to an end in 1818, with Diriyah capitulating after a nearly-year-long siege.

The Wahhabi movement was part of a fundamentalist / revisionist movement within Islam that would lead to the first Saudi State, and its crushing by the Ottoman empire ’ s Egyptian viceroy Muhammad Ali Pasha.

The Saudi amir denounced the Ottoman sultan and called into question the validity of his claim to be caliph and guardian of the sanctuaries of the Hejaz and when the Ottoman empire ordered the upstart Muhammad ‘ Ali, viceroy of Egypt, to fight the Wahhabis.

* Anscombe, Frederick F. The Ottoman Gulf: the creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar.

Abdullah bin Saud was later executed in the Ottoman capital Constantinople with his severed head later thrown into the waters of the Bosphorus, marking the end of what was known as the First Saudi State.

* Yahya bin Surour ( 1803 – 1813 ): Jailed in Constantinople during the Ottoman – Saudi War

Bakri founded Al-Muhajiroun in Mecca, Saudi Arabia on 3 March 1983 following " the 59th anniversary of the destruction of the Ottoman Caliphate ," in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

The Ajyad Fortress () was an Ottoman citadel which stood on a hill overlooking the Grand Mosque of Mecca, in what is now Saudi Arabia.

1818: Reconquered by the Ottoman Empire by Ottoman Egyptian forces overthrowing the First Saudi State in the process and granting the local tribe of Banu Khalid self rule.

As the German princes were experiencing the tumult of the Reformation, the German Peasants ' War, and the wars against the Ottoman Turks, they did not enforce the ban on the duke, and agitation against him soon died away.

The recovery of Azov and the Morea, and the conquest of part of Persia, managed to counterbalance the Balkan territory ceded to the Habsburg Monarchy through the Treaty of Passarowitz, after the Ottoman Empire was defeated in Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18.

* 1897 – The Greco-Turkish War is declared between Greece and the Ottoman Empire.

* 1824 – Greek War of Independence: Constantine Kanaris leads a Greek fleet to victory against Ottoman and Egyptian ships in the Battle of Samos.

* 1916 – World War I: Battle of Romani – Allied forces, under the command of Archibald Murray, defeat an attacking Ottoman army under the command of Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein, securing the Suez Canal and beginning the Ottoman retreat from the Sinai Peninsula.

* 1876 – The April Uprising, a key point in modern Bulgarian history, leading to the Russo-Turkish War and the liberation of Bulgaria from domination as an independent part of the Ottoman Empire.

* 1920 – World War I: Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI's representatives sign the Treaty of Sèvres that divides up the Ottoman Empire between the Allies.

In 1684, the outbreak of the Morean War between Venice and the Ottoman Empire led to the temporary reconquest of a large part of the country by the Republic.

In the early part of the Ottoman – Venetian War of 1714 – 1718 the Ottoman Fleet under Canum Hoca captured Aegina.

In the year 1789, Tipu Sultan ruler of the Sultanate of Mysore sent an embassy to the Ottoman capitol of Istanbul, to Sultan Abdul Hamid I requesting urgent assistance against the British East India Company and had proposed an offensive and defensive consortium ; Sultan Abdul Hamid I, informed the ambassadors of the Sultanate of Mysore that the Ottoman Empire was still recuperating from the Austro-Ottoman War and the Russo-Turkish Wars.

* 1877 – Russo-Turkish War: Russian Empire declares war on Ottoman Empire.

The First Balkan War, which lasted from October 1912 to May 1913, strengthened Bulgaria's position as a regional military power, significantly reduced Ottoman influence over the Balkans, and resulted in the formation of an independent Albanian state.

In 1841, Bethlehem came under Ottoman rule once more and remained so until the end of World War I.

( 2001 ) Ordered to Die A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War: Forward by General Hüseyiln Kivrikoglu No. 201 Contributions in Military Studies.

( 2007 ) Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A Comparative Study No. 26 of Cass Series: Military History and Policy edited by John Gooch and Brian Holden Reid.

In May 1916 the governments of the United Kingdom, France and Russia agreed the Sykes – Picot Agreement, which defined their proposed spheres of influence and control in Western Asia should the Triple Entente succeed in defeating the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

Category: Ottoman Empire in World War I

The First Balkan War broke out when the League attacked the Ottoman Empire on 8 October 1912 and was ended seven months later by the Treaty of London.

Serbia had gained substantial territory during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877 – 1878, while Greece acquired Thessaly in 1881 ( although it lost a small area back to the Ottoman Empire in 1897 ) and Bulgaria ( an autonomous principality since 1878 ) incorporated the formerly distinct province of Eastern Rumelia ( 1885 ).

According to the E. J. Erickson the Greek Navy also played a crucial, albeit indirect role, in the Thracian campaign by neutralizing no less than three Thracian Corps ( see First Balkan War, the Bulgarian theater of operations ), a significant portion of the Ottoman Army there, in the all-important opening round of the war.