With the advent of the Ottoman Turks and the conquest of Syria by Sultan Selim I in 1516, the Ma ' ans were acknowledged by the new rulers as the feudal lords of southern Lebanon.

Between 1805 and 1914, the ruling dynasty of Egypt ruled de jure viceroys of the Ottoman Empire, but acted as de facto independent rulers who maintained a polite fiction of Ottoman suzerainty.

Ottoman rulers held several titles denoting their Imperial status.

" However, Zionism was regarded with suspicion by the Ottoman rulers and was unable to make major progress.

As the centuries passed, however, Ottoman rulers lost the capacity to command the loyalty of local pashas, which threatened stability in the region.

However, under Abdullah II Al-Sabah, Kuwait pursued a general pro-Ottoman foreign policy, formally taking the title of Ottoman provincial governor, however this relationship with the Ottoman Empire did result in Ottoman interference with Kuwaiti laws or selection or rulers.

Lebanon was later contested between Muslim rulers until the Ottoman Empire solidified authority over the eastern Mediterranean.

The influx of Ghazi warriors and adventurers of differing backgrounds into these lands spurred subsequent Ottoman rulers to title themselves " Sultan of Ghazis ".

Whereas previous rulers had been influenced by Persian culture ( Suleiman's father, Selim I, wrote poetry in Persian ), Suleiman's patronage of the arts had seen the Ottoman Empire assert its own artistic legacy.

A mostly foreign ethnic Serb elite dominated over the rest, imposing a repression, unknown under previous Ottoman rulers.

After the fragmentation of the Caliphate, the city became subject to various rulers, including the Mamluks of Cairo in the 13th century and finally, in 1517, the Ottoman Turks.

The Old Princely Court ( Curtea Veche ) was built by Mircea Ciobanul, and under subsequent rulers, Bucharest was established as the summer residence of the court, competing with Târgoviște for the status of capital after an increase in the importance of southern Muntenia brought about by the demands of the suzerain power, the Ottoman Empire.

A number of Greek Cypriots rebelled on Cyprus, in return the Ottoman rulers of Cyprus tried to keep control by using draconian means of suppression.

In the Middle Ages successive rulers of the Odessa region included various nomadic tribes ( Petchenegs, Cumans ), the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Ottoman Empire.

Sultan Mehmed II is considered among the most famous rulers of the Ottoman Empire.

Influenced by Arabic culture, Ottoman rulers had stylized their names in the Arabic way, as depicted in this signature.

The Iranian Safavids, a dynasty stretching from 1501 to 1786, is distinguished from the Mughal and Ottoman Empires, and earlier Persian rulers, in part through the Shi ' a faith of its shahs, which they succeeded in making the majority denomination in Persia.

Foreign rulers like the Emperor of Austria, Russian Tsar Peter the Great and even the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire sent tall soldiers to him in order to encourage friendly relations.

The title Khan of Khans was among numerous titles used by the Sultans of the Ottoman empire as well as the rulers of the Golden Horde and its descendant states.

Later the rulers of the Ottoman Empire inherited the caliphate.

The first three rulers of the Ottoman realm were titled Bey.

With the beginning of the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of Czarist Russia in the Caucasus, many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly Circassians, Tatars, Azeris, Lezgis, Chechens, and several Turkic groups left their ancestral homelands and settled in Anatolia.

The city has traditionally been a pole of attraction, and was a major center for refugees from various ethnic backgrounds who immigrated to Anatolia from the Balkans during the loss of the Ottoman territories in Europe between the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

As a national revival occurred towards the end of the period of Ottoman rule ( mostly during the 19th century ), a modern Bulgarian literary language gradually emerged which drew heavily on Church Slavonic / Old Bulgarian ( and to some extent on literary Russian, which had preserved many lexical items from Church Slavonic ) and later reduced the number of Turkish and other Balkanic loans.

The background to the wars lies in the incomplete emergence of nation-states on the European territory of the Ottoman Empire during the second half of the 19th century.

Throughout the 19th century, the Great Powers shared different aims over the " Eastern Question " and the integrity of the Ottoman Empire.

In the late 19th and early 20th century, Bulgaria and Greece contended for Ottoman Macedonia and Thrace.

According to Robert Davis between 1 million and 1. 25 million Europeans were captured by North African pirates and sold as slaves in North Africa and Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries.

The formation of an Albanian national consciousness dates to the later 19th century and is part of the larger phenomenon of rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire.

However, in the 19th century after the fall of the Albanian pashaliks and the Massacre of the Albanian Beys an Albanian National Awakening took place and many revolts against the Ottoman Empire were organized.

The end of the 19th century saw the dismemberment of most of the Muslim Ottoman Empire by non-Muslim European colonial powers.

The relations between Kosovo's ethnic Albanian and Serb populations have been hostile since the rise of nationalism in the Balkans during the 19th century, rivalry which became strong after Serbia gained Kosovo from the Ottoman Empire in 1913 and after Albania became independent in the same year.

The remainder of the 19th century saw a relative period of stability, as Islamic, Druze and Maronite groups focused on economic and cultural development which saw the founding of the American University of Beirut and a flowering of literary and political activity associated with the attempts to liberalize the Ottoman Empire.

A series of wars were fought between the Russian and Ottoman empires from the 18th to the 19th century.

Testimonies of historians, diplomats, religious scholars, intellectuals and travellers, Ottoman and European, confirm that, from the 16th to the 19th century, Anatolian opium was eaten in Constantinople as much as it was exported to Europe.

According to Robert Davis between 1 million and 1. 25 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves in North Africa and Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries.

Unlike common law, judges ' verdicts do not set binding precedents under the principle of stare decisis, and unlike civil law, sharia does not utilize formally codified statutes ( these were first introduced only in the late 19th century during the decline of the Ottoman Empire, cf.

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Bankalar Caddesi ( Banks Street ) in Istanbul was the financial center of the Ottoman Empire, where the headquarters of the Ottoman Central Bank ( established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( 1866 ) were located.

Ottoman suzerainty was reestablished in northern Yemen in the late 19th century but its control was largely confined to cities, and the Zaidi imam's rule over Upper Yemen was formally recognized.

Conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century, Epirus became semi-independent during the rule of Ali Pasha in the early 19th century, but the Ottomans re-asserted their control in 1821.

' Hebron also became known throughout the Arab world for its glass production, and the industry is mentioned in the books of 19th century Western travelers to Ottoman Syria.

Knowledge of the Ottoman usage of sürgün from the 17th through the 19th century is sketchy.

Large towns and the areas where Ottoman power predominated remained severely depopulated until the 19th century.