Ottoman tax records suggest that the Christian population was slightly more prosperous or grew more grain than grapes ( the former being a more valuable commodity ).

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

In 1855, the Ottoman Empire abolished the jizya tax, as part of reforms to equalize the status of Muslims and non-Muslims.

* Blood tax ( Ottoman Empire ), the Ottoman devşirme system where children were taken and raised to serve as Janissaries.

The location of the city at the intersection of trade routes linking the Ottoman Empire and Western Europe, together with certain tax exemptions, allowed Saxon merchants to obtain considerable wealth and exert a strong political influence.

Although granted freedom of worship and generally better treated than non-Christians in most European countries, non-Muslims in the Ottoman empire were required, in accordance with Islamic law, to pay a special poll tax, the jizya, which in times of poor harvests was a crippling burden on mainly subsistence-level peasants.

One result of the Ottoman conquest was that a sizeable proportion of the population gradually converted to Islam, with its tax and other civic advantages in the Ottoman system.

Commentators both within and without Greece have attributed this critical flaw in Greek culture to the Ottoman Empire's brutal mismanagement of Ottoman Greece, in which individual survival became more important than societal stability, tax resistance became a form of patriotism, and property and commercial tax systems were left in shambles, thereby making it impossible for Greece to create an functional civil society or an efficient modern state.

In 1596, Sakhnin appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Akka of the Liwa of Tabariyya.

In 1596, the village appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Acre, with a population of 139 Muslim households.

Ottoman daftar ( tax register ).

Under Islamic law, jizya or jizyah ( ; Ottoman Turkish: cizye ; both derived from Pahlavi and possibly from Aramaic gaziyat ) is a per capita tax levied on a section of an Islamic state's non-Muslim citizens, who meet certain criteria.

The name Illyria only disappears from the historical record after the Ottoman invasion of the Balkans in the 15th century, and re-emerges in the 17th century, acquiring a new significance in the Ottoman – Habsburg Wars, as Leopold I designated as the " Illyrian nation " the Serbs on Hungarian territory.

Immediately following the destruction of the elite Janissary, Mahmud II ordered the court chronicler, Mehmet Esad Efendi ( circa 1789-1848 ), to record the official version of events, Üss-i Zafer ( Foundation of Victory ), which was printed in Constantinople in 1828 and served as the main source for every other Ottoman account of this period.

Crypto-Christianity was mostly practiced following the Ottoman Turkish conquests of the Balkans, but the earliest scholarly record of the phenomenon dates to 1829.

L ' Angoissante Aventure ( The Harrowing Adventure ) was a dramatized record of the difficult and dangerous journey of Russian actors, directors and other film artists as they made their way from Crimea into the chaos of Ottoman Turkey in the midst of the post-World War I fall of the Sultanate.

A census was taken in the Ottoman Empire 1831-38 by Sultan Mahmud II ( 1808 – 1839 ) as a part of the reform movement Tanzimat.

Examples include the 17th Century traveller Evliya Celebi in his Seyahatname-Book of Travels to the Ottoman census of Hilmi Pasha in 1904 and later.

There are only indirect clues regarding the population structure under the Menteşe and the parts played in it by Turkish migration from inland regions and by local conversions, but the first Ottoman Empire census records indicate, in a situation not atypical for the region as a whole, a large Muslim ( practically exclusively Turkish ) majority reaching as high as 99 % and a non-Muslim minority ( practically exclusively Greek supplemented with a small Jewish community in Milas ) as low as one per cent.

At the first census after liberation from Ottoman rule in 1884, from population of 33, 442 inhabitants the majority were 16, 752 Bulgarians ( 50 %), followed by 7, 144 Turks ( 21 %), 5, 497 Greeks ( 16 %), 2, 168 Jews ( 6 %), 1, 061 Armenians ( 3 %), 151 Italians, 112 Germans, 112 Roma, 80 Frenchs, 61 Russians and 304 people of other nationalities.

As with the rest of the Ottoman empire in the 19th century, Eastern Rumelia was ethnically mixed with Bulgarian majority of 72. 3 %( census from 1880 ).

The first official data over a settlement in this area are mentioned in the Ottoman census of 1528.

* the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted );

In Ottoman Tahrir defderi № 70 mentioned the actual census of households in 1519, in which 167 Muslim households, 67 unmarried Muslim and 315 Christian households, 26 unmerried and 69 widows.

At the beginning of the 20th century it reportedly had an area of, while the preliminary results of the first Ottoman census of 1885 ( published in 1908 ) gave the population as 471, 462.

The first Ottoman tax census in 1525 revealed Deir al-Balah was a relatively large village with a religiously mixed population of 87 Christian families and 56 Muslim families.

According to Ottoman census of 1485 he was in charge for nahiya of Dobrun near Višegrad as his timar.

An Ottoman defter ( cadastral tax census ) for the year 1481 records a settlement of 243 households.

According to the first Ottoman census from 1546, the town had 87 houses, of which most were Serb, three were Croat, one Hungarian, and one Vlach.

The first Ottoman census in the year 1468 – 69 the town of Pale is recorded under the name of " Bogazi Yumry " as the seat of one of the 11 districts.

Also inhabited during the Byzantine and Islamic periods, its population is recorded as being almost exclusively Muslim in the Ottoman imperial census and British Mandate censuses.

According to the official Ottoman census of 1906 – 1907 ( published in " The Ottoman Population 1830 – 1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics " by Kemal H. Karpat ), the ethnic-religious breakdown in the Sanjak of Kırk Kilise was: 22, 022 Muslims ; 14, 154 Greek Orthodox ; 1, 599 Bulgarian Orthodox ; and 789 Jews.

Ahmed I ( Ottoman Turkish: احمد اول Aḥmed-i evvel, ) or Ahmed Bakhti ( April 18, 1590 – November 22, 1617 ) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1603 until his death in 1617.

Ahmed II Khan Ghazi ( Ottoman Turkish: احمد ثانى Aḥmed-i < u > s </ u > ānī ) < span dir =" ltr ">( February 25, 1643 – February 6, 1695 )</ span > was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1691 to 1695.

Only a few weeks after his accession the Ottoman Empire sustained a crushing defeat at the Battle of Slankamen from the Austrians under Margrave Louis William of Baden and was driven from Hungary.

However, this was halted as a report reached Constantinople that the Safavids were invading the Ottoman Empire, causing a period of panic, turning the Sultan's attention away from Russia.

* This article incorporates text from the History of Ottoman Turks ( 1878 )

* 1916 – World War I: Battle of Romani – Allied forces, under the command of Archibald Murray, defeat an attacking Ottoman army under the command of Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein, securing the Suez Canal and beginning the Ottoman retreat from the Sinai Peninsula.

* 1876 – The April Uprising, a key point in modern Bulgarian history, leading to the Russo-Turkish War and the liberation of Bulgaria from domination as an independent part of the Ottoman Empire.

* 1821 – Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople is hanged by the Ottoman government from the main gate of the Patriarchate and his body is thrown into the Bosphorus.

In the year 1789, Tipu Sultan ruler of the Sultanate of Mysore sent an embassy to the Ottoman capitol of Istanbul, to Sultan Abdul Hamid I requesting urgent assistance against the British East India Company and had proposed an offensive and defensive consortium ; Sultan Abdul Hamid I, informed the ambassadors of the Sultanate of Mysore that the Ottoman Empire was still recuperating from the Austro-Ottoman War and the Russo-Turkish Wars.

Bursa became the first major capital city of the early Ottoman Empire following its capture from the Byzantines in 1326.

Aside from the local silk production, the city imported raw silk from Iran, and occasionally from China, and was the main production center for the kaftans, pillows, embroidery and other silk products for the Ottoman palaces until the 17th century.

The city has traditionally been a pole of attraction, and was a major center for refugees from various ethnic backgrounds who immigrated to Anatolia from the Balkans during the loss of the Ottoman territories in Europe between the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Ulu Cami is the largest mosque in Bursa and a landmark of early Ottoman architecture, which carried many elements from the Seljuk architecture.

The main body of the Bulgarian army traveled from the Ottoman border in the southeast to the Serbian border in the northwest to defend the capital Sofia.

The First Balkan War, which lasted from October 1912 to May 1913, strengthened Bulgaria's position as a regional military power, significantly reduced Ottoman influence over the Balkans, and resulted in the formation of an independent Albanian state.

Romania attacked from the north and north-east, the Ottoman empire also intervened in Thrace.

* Battle of Adrianople ( 1829 )-The Russians seize the city from the Ottoman Empire