The Russian takeover instigated numerous revolts against tsarist authority, and many Kyrgyz opted to move into the Pamir Mountains or to Afghanistan.

In the western sector, China claimed portions of the 41, 000 km² Pamir Mountains area, a region of soaring mountain peaks and glacia filled valleys where the borders of Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Soviet Union, and China meet in Central Asia.

The two principal ranges, the Pamir Mountains and the Alay Mountains, give rise to many glacier-fed streams and rivers, which have been used to irrigate farmlands since ancient times.

The Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan lie in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province ( GBAO ) in the east half of the country.

* The highest E-road is E 008 which reaches 4272 m ( 13562 ft ) altitude in the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan.

Lenin Peak is the highest mountain in the Trans-Alay Range of Central Asia, and in the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan it is exceeded only by Ismoil Somoni Peak ( 7, 495 m ).

Significantly, these mines were not very far from the lapis lazuli and spinel (" Balas Ruby ") mines in Badakhshan and, although separated by the formidable Pamir Mountains, routes across them were, apparently, in use from very early times.

Skirting round the head of the Tagdumbash Pamir, it finally merged into the Pamir Mountains boundary, and turned westwards, following the course of the Oxus, to the junction of that river and the Khanabad ( Kunduz ).

In the 5th century they were pressured by the Rouran and may have migrated to the Pamir Mountains.

Turkmenistan eastwards through Pamir and Alay Mountains to Himalaya.

After a spate of annexations in Middle Asia, Russia consolidated its holdings west of the Pamir Mountains as the Turkestan Governate or " Russian Turkestan " in 1867.

In the south it links up with the Pamir Mountains and to north and east it meets the Altai Mountains of Mongolia.

The Karakoram is bounded on the northeast by the edge of the Tibetan Plateau, and on the north by the Pamir Mountains.

The great chain of mountains which, under the names of Paropamisade and Hindu Kush, extends from the Caspian Sea to the Pamir Mountains is interrupted some south of Merv.

When the existence of a peak in the Soviet Pamir Mountains higher than Lenin Peak was first established in 1928, the mountain was tentatively identified with Garmo Peak ; but as the result of the work of further Soviet expeditions, it became clear by 1932 that they were not the same, and in 1933 the new peak, in the Akademiya Nauk Range, was named Stalin Peak ( Pik Stalina, пик Сталина ), after Joseph Stalin.

It is bounded by the Kunlun Mountains to the south, and the desert Pamir Mountains and Tian Shan ( ancient Mount Imeon ) to the west and north.

On 9 April 1960, a U-2C spyplane of the special Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) unit " 10-10 ," piloted by Bob Ericson, crossed the southern national boundary of the Soviet Union in the area of Pamir Mountains and flew over four Soviet top secret military objects: the Semipalatinsk Test Site, the Dolon Air Base where Tu-95 strategic bombers were stationed, the Surface-to-Air Missile ( SAM ) test site of the Soviet Air Defence Forces near Saryshagan, and the Tyuratam missile range ( Baikonur Cosmodrome ).

On the Pamir Mountains frontier the transfer of the Darwaz district of Bukhara to the Afghans up to the Amu Darya, as agreed upon between Russia and Britain, is completed.

* Estonia ( peak ), a peak in the Pamir Mountains

– Pamir Mountains

* The peaks of the Caucasus Mountains to the west and Hindukush and Pamir to the east rain shadow the Karakum and Kyzyl Kum deserts east of the Caspian Sea, as well as the semi-arid Kazakh Steppe.

Then, however, the Darwaz extension northwards was exchanged for the Russian Pamir extension westwards, and the river throughout became the boundary between Russian and Afghan territory ; the political boundaries of those provinces and those of Wakhan were no longer coincident with their geographical limits.

Until Soviet times and the construction of the Pamir Highway from Osh to Khorog in the 1920s the routes to Kashgaria and the Pamirs were mere bridle-paths over the mountains, crossing them by lofty passes.

: " We were now about to cross the famous ' Bam-i-dunya ',' The Roof of the World ' under which name the elevated region of the hitherto comparatively unknown Pamir tracts had long appeared in our maps .[...

Historically, the Pamir Mountains were considered a strategic trade route between Kashgar and Kokand on the Northern Silk Road and have been subject to numerous territorial conquests.

Several attempts to climb the high Muztagata — called the Father of the Glaciers — in the Pamir Mountains were unsuccessful.

Nearly 1, 100 of these these were accepted by Turkey to settle in Ulupamir ( or “ Great Pamir ” in Kyrgyz ), their resettlement village in Van Province.

Before the twentieth century very primitive versions were used in the western gorges of the Pamir Mountains.

Thus, it looks likely that the Kamboja clans were spread in Kabol valley in Paropamisadae, in Badakshan / Pamir as well as up to the highlands of Sogdiana.

The Pamir argali ( also called Marco Polo sheep, for they were first described by that traveller ), O. a polii, is the largest race on average, regularly measuring more than long without the tail, and less sexually dimorphic in body mass than most other subspecies.

During the 1939 season, Olivebank, Pamir, Pommern and Viking were also loaded with grain at Port Victoria-some of these vessels now have streets in Port Victoria names after them.

In December 2009, the New York Times featured articles on the possibilities for tourism in the Pamir area of Tajikistan.

* Heinrich Klemme, film studio founder and director ( The Pamir, 1959 )

The documentary film " 37 Uses for a Dead Sheep – the story of the Pamir Kirghiz " was based on the life of these Kyrgyz / Kirgiz in their new home.

The film also features a meeting with the German ship Pamir, which sank in a hurricane in September 1957.

The terrain of Kyrgyzstan is dominated by the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain systems, which together occupy about 65 % of the national territory.

It is a hub to Ariana Afghan Airlines, the national airlines carrier of Afghanistan, as well as private airlines such as Kam Air, Pamir Airways, and Safi Airways.

The Gilgit – Baltistan, formerly called Northern Areas, are a group of territories in the extreme north, bordered by the Karakoram, the western Himalayas, the Pamir, and the Hindu Kush ranges.

At the height of its power, it included central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, today's Turkmenistan, Pamir and parts of Pakistan.

Most of Tajikistan's lakes are of glacial origin and are located in the Pamir region in the eastern half of the country.

Tajikistan is home to some of the highest mountains in the world, including the Pamir and Alay ranges.

This boundary dispute was settled in agreements signed in 2002 that would cede 1, 000 km² of Pamir mountain range to China in return for China relinquishing claims to 28, 000 km² of Tajik lands.

Air transport in Afghanistan is provided by the national carrier Ariana Afghan Airlines, and by several private companies such as Kam Air, Pamir Airways, and Safi Airways.

* July 11 – Pamir is the last commercial sailing ship to round Cape Horn under sail alone.

** The sailing ship Pamir sinks off the Azores in a hurricane.

In high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan they are also absent ; however, at Tarim basin and on the lower slopes of the Tien Shan they do occur.

There are also groups of speakers of several Pamir languages of the Eastern Iranian language group.

During the 20th century within Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in Tajikistan the speakers of Pamir languages formed their own separate ethnic identity as Pamiris.

North of the Kokcha, within the Oxus bend, is the mountainous district of Darwaz, of which the physiography belongs rather to the Pamir type than to that of the Hindu Kush.

Those areas included the Taghdumbash Pamir and the Raskam Valley.

“ The boundaries of Taghdumbash, Khunjerab and Raskam, as claimed by the Kanjuts, are the following: the northern watershed of the Taghdumbash Pamir from the Wakhjir Pass through the Baiyik peak to Dafdar, thence across the river to the Zankan nullah ; thence through Mazar and over the range to Urok, a point on the Yarkand river between Sibjaida and Itakturuk.

From there the line ran “ along the northern watershed of the Raskam valley to Dafdar in the Taghdumbash Pamir, to the north of the mills at that place, and thence to the Baiyik peak.

In the 1880s the Afghans advanced north of the lake to the Alichur Pamir.