Classical Anglicanism, therefore, like Orthodoxy, holds that Holy Tradition is the only safe guardian against perversion and innovation in the interpretation of Scripture ; in the famous words of Thomas Ken, Bishop of Bath and Wells: " As for my religion, I dye in the holy catholic and apostolic faith professed by the whole Church before the disunion of East and West, more particularly in the communion of the Church of England, as it stands distinguished from all Papal and Puritan innovations, and as it adheres to the doctrine of the Cross.

He is also sometimes shown with symbols of his office as Pope and Bishop of Rome such as the Papal Cross and the Keys of Heaven.

Deer grazing near the Papal Cross in the Phoenix Park

* Photo of Pope John Paul II kneeling before the Holy Door of St. Peter's Basilica, carrying the older form of the Papal Cross

" I am dying ," Ken had written, " In the Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Faith professed by the whole Church before the disunion of East and West ; and, more particularly, in the Communion of the Church of England, as it stands distinguished from both Papal and Protestant innovation, and adheres to the Doctrine of the Cross.

* Grand Cross of the Papal Order of the Holy Sepulchre ( 24 September 1907 )

In April 2004. he was awarded the Papal Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Gregory the Great.

* Zenit News Agency about Cardinal Zen's meditations for the Papal Way of the Cross

Modern popes do not bear a crozier ( a bent pastoral staff styled after a shepherd's crook ), but rather bear the Papal Cross, a staff topped by a crucifix.

On 16 March 2008, at the Palm Sunday celebrations in Saint Peter's Square, Pope Benedict XVI used the Papal Cross that had been previously used by Popes Pius XI and Pius XII.

Papal Cross, Phoenix Park, Dublin

An example is the large white cross situated in the Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland, generally spoken of as " the Papal Cross ".

When he died on 2 April 2005, people gathered in tribute to Pope John Paul II at this Papal Cross, leaving flowers and other tokens of remembrance of him.

* John Paul II carrying the traditional Papal Cross with three horizontal bars near the top

This was seen when controversy arose over the aforementioned Papal visit to Israel ; pictures of Pope John Paul II sitting before a Petrine Cross were widely circulated on the Internet in an attempt to prove that the Catholic Church is associated with Satanism and the Antichrist.

In 2006 he was made Knight Grand Cross of the Papal Order of St. Gregory the Great ( GCSG ) by Pope Benedict XVI.

And if he did stand on the margins of modernity, it was not in dying a martyr for such unity as Papal supremacy might be able to force on Western Christendom.

By a unique Papal dispensation, Absalon was allowed to simultaneously maintain his post as Bishop of Roskilde.

He was a harsh and effective ruler, who cleared all Orthodox Christian liturgic remnants in favour of Papal standards.

But, her will was invalidated by Parlement in 1274 One specific bequest in Alphonse's will, giving his wife's lands in the Comtat Venaissin to the Holy See, was allowed, and it became a Papal territory, a status that it retained until 1791.

The Pope thought of using Cem as a tool to drive the Turks out of Europe, but, as the Papal Crusade failed to come to fruition, Cem was left to languish and die in a Neapolitan prison.

Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services.

Their family is notable for their bitter feud with the Orsini family over influence in Rome until it was stopped by Papal Bull in 1511 ; in 1571 the Chiefs of both families married nieces of Pope Sixtus V.

In June 1376 Catherine went to Avignon herself as ambassador of Florence to make peace with the Papal States, but was unsuccessful.

Although he was an immensely capable general and statesman, Cesare would have trouble maintaining his domain without continued Papal patronage.

However, when his father died, and a rival to the Borgia family entered the Papal seat, Cesare was overthrown in a matter of months.

The council's main purpose was to end the Papal schism which had resulted from the confusion following the Avignon Papacy.

Prince Malatesta immediately informed the Council that he was empowered by a commission from Pope Gregory XII to resign the Papal Throne on the Pontiff's behalf.

Whatever the true motive, the idea of a contract between King and people was advanced to the Pope as an excuse for Bruce's coronation whilst John de Balliol still lived in Papal custody.

In 1431, after a period during which he fought again for the Papal States, he led the Milanese army against Venice ; the following year the duke's daughter, Bianca Maria, was betrothed to him.

The allegiance of mercenary leaders was dependent, of course, on pay ; in 1433-1435, Sforza led the Milanese attack on the Papal States, but when he conquered Ancona, in the Marche, he changed sides, obtaining the title of vicar of the city directly from Pope Eugene IV.

Gioachino Antonio Rossini was born into a family of musicians in Pesaro, a town on the Adriatic coast of Italy which was then part of the Papal States.

He was appointed grand penitentiary shortly after election of Pope Innocent VI in December 1352 and given the epithet " Angel of Peace ", a title which quickly became a sad misnomer as his future actions in the Papal States would drench the Italian countryside in blood from the River Po until the Garigliano.

The relentless work of Albornoz ushered in a decade of warfare and atrocity culminating in the massacre of Cesena, a town faithful to the Papal cause who's entire population was executed by the Papal forces while paving the way of Urban V to Rome ( 1367 ).

The Papal State was itself far from completely pacified ; a savage and devastating war went on from 1361 to 1367 between Rome and Velletri while in 1366-7 there was a general rebellion in Campagna.

Palestrina was born in the town of Palestrina, near Rome, then part of the Papal States.

In Roman Catholicism, the Pope was once Sovereign Pontiff and head of state, first, of the politically important Papal States.

A Papal Bull of 7 March 1885, united Alcalá with ( effectively merging it into ) the diocese of Madrid which includes the civil province of Madrid, suffragan of the archbishopric of Toledo, which was formally speaking not canonically erected before while its foundation dated from the Spanish Concordat of 1851.

Pope Paul V, by the Papal Brief " Ex credito nobis ", in 1607, erected it into an archconfraternity, with St. Peter's Basilica in Rome as its head centre.

In 1882, after the collapse of Papal temporal powers, the city of Brescia erected a monument to its native son.

* 1522 – Combined forces of Spain and the Papal States defeat a French and Venetian army at the Battle of Bicocca.

When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre ( so called mitra simplex ).

Only Giovanni Manfredi of Faenza and Francesco II Ordelaffi of Forlì were at that point resisting the Papal reconquest.

* 1580 – After a three-day siege, the English Army beheads over 600 Irish and Papal soldiers and civilians at Dún an Óir, Ireland.

A traditionalist Catholic belief claims the existence of a Papal Oath sworn, at their coronation, by all popes from Pope Agatho to Pope Paul VI, but which since the abolition of the coronation ceremony is no longer used.

" At 11 am Petrus Canisius Van Lierde as Papal Sacristan was at the bedside of the dying pope, ready to anoint him.

The government was effectively held in his lieu by Cardinal Niccolò Coscia, who had been Benedict's secretary when he was archbishop of Benevento, and who committed a long series of financial abuses at his own advantage, causing the ruin of the Papal treasure.

Lambertini was born into a noble family of Bologna, which was at that time the second largest city in the Papal States.

He immediately returned the Papal Curia to Rome, where he was crowned at the Vatican Basilica on Sunday, 23 January 1295.

In the struggle for the Kingdom of Naples between the supporters of the House of Aragon and the House of Anjou, the Papal States were at this time troubled by rebellious barons and marauding condottieri, whom he gradually, though momentarily, quelled.

* Andrew Tomasello, Music and Ritual at the Papal Court of Avignon 1309 – 1403.

A Papal decree concerning the donations of the faithful at Mass is attributed to Pope Urban:

In 1363 he excommunicated Bernabò Visconti, the last great figure of Ghibellinism in northern Italy, who occupied the Papal city of Bologna and valiantly resisted the troops of Cardinal Gil de Albornoz, the Vicar of the Papal States at the time.

Unable any longer to resist the urgency of the French cardinals, and with numerous cities of the Papal States in revolt, Urban boarded a ship at Corneto heading for France on 5 September 1370, arriving back at Avignon on the 24th of the same month.

During the march, Urban fell from his mule at Narni and had to recover in early October in Rome, where he was able to oust the communal rule of the banderesi and restore the Papal authority.

In the middle of Lent 1087, the pope-elect assisted at a council of cardinals and bishops held at Capua as " Papal vicar of those parts " ( letter of Hugh of Lyons ) together with the Norman princes, Cencius the Consul and the Roman nobles.

It was on a sick bed at Naples that Innocent IV heard of Manfred's victory at Foggia against the Papal forces: the tidings are said to have precipitated his death on 7 December 1254 in Naples.

* Tomasello, Music and ritual at Papal Avignon 1309 – 1403.

Julius spent the bulk of his time, and a great deal of Papal money, on entertainments at the Villa Giulia, created for him by Vignola.

However, the pope only wore his beard from 27 June 1511 to March 1512, as a sign of mourning at the loss of the city of Bologna by the Papal States.

In the meantime, Philip, eager to prove his loyalty to Rome and thus secure Papal support for his planned invasion, announced at Soissons his reconciliation with his estranged wife Ingeborg of Denmark which the Popes had been pushing.