This view has been questioned by more recent scholarship, which emphasizes the affluence and internal peace enjoyed by Bulgarian society during this long reign, re-evaluates the relationship between Bulgaria and its semi-nomadic neighbors ( Magyars and Pechenegs ), and questions the allegedly sinister role of Romanos ' granddaughter and her retinue.

The Pechenegs or Patzinaks (,,,,,,, pechenegi or печенези, pechenezi ;, ) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic language family.

In 1091 the Pechenegs, a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the prairies of southwestern Eurasia, were decisively defeated as an independent force at the Battle of Levounion by the combined forces of a Byzantine army under Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and a Cuman army under Togortok and Bunaq.

The second phase, between CE 500 and 900, saw Slavic, Turkic, and other tribes on the move, resettling in Eastern Europe and gradually making it predominantly Slavic, and affecting Anatolia and the Caucasus as the first Turkic tribes ( Avars, Huns, Khazars, Pechenegs ), as well as Bulgars, and possibly Magyars arrived.

A nomadic Turkic people, the Kipchaks ( also known as the Cumans ), replaced the earlier Pechenegs as the dominant force in the south steppe regions neighbouring to Rus ' at the end of the 11th century and founded a nomadic state in the steppes along the Black Sea ( Desht-e-Kipchak ).

In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such as the Kipchaks and the Pechenegs, caused a massive migration of Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north, particularly to the area known as Zalesye.

Turkic tribes, such as Khazars and Pechenegs, probably lived as nomads for many years before establishing the Göktürk Empire or Mongolia in the 6th century.

During the 9th century southern Central Asia was under the rule of the Samanids, while the Central Asian steppe was dominated by Turkic nomads such as the Pechenegs, the Oghuz, and the Karluks.

The Turkic Pechenegs settled the area in 12th century following attack from Cumans.

Some linguists consider to be the echo of Turkish term kapkan ( kaphan, kapgan ), that in some Turkic peoples in the age of migrations ( for example at Eurasian Avars, Proto-Bulgars-kavhan-and Pechenegs ) was a high noble or administrative rank.

There they presumably mixed with other Turkic peoples such as Pechenegs, Uz ( Oghuz ) and Cuman ( Kipchak ) who came from the Russian steppe at about the same time.

Geoffery Lewis believes an older substratum of these oral traditions dates to conflicts between the ancient Oghuz and their Turkish rivals in Central Asia ( the Pechenegs and the Kipchaks ), however this substratum has been clothed in references to the 14th-century campaigns of the Aq Qoyunlu Confederation of Turkic tribes against the Georgians, the Abkhaz, and the Greeks in Trabzon.

Following the Ottoman invasion of Balkans, European armies were introduced to the kilij, though Greeks, Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, other Slavs and Hungarians were not strangers to this sword type from their earlier encounters with Turkic nomads such as Bulgars, Khazars, Pechenegs, Cumans and Tatars.

Later during the 11th and 12th centuries, nomadic Turkic tribes such as the Cumans and the Pechenegs entered Bulgaria and engaged the Byzantine Empire.

The Romanian word " chirpici " is derived from a Turkic " kerpiç ", as several Turkic tribes ( notably the Cumans and Pechenegs ) came from Central Asia and settled in the Bărăgan.

While it is considered certain that Harald took part in Yaroslav's campaign against the Poles in 1031, it is possible that he also fought against other 1030s Kievan enemies and rivals such as the Chudes in Estonia, the Byzantines, as well as the Pechenegs and other steppe nomad people.

The battle put an effective end to the Pechenegs as an independent people ; many of the captives taken in the conflict were settled as soldier-farmers within the Byzantine frontier.

This treatise contains traditional and legendary stories of how the territories surrounding the Empire came in the past to be occupied by the people living in them in the Emperor's times ( Saracens, Lombards, Venetians, Slavs, Magyars, Pechenegs ).

" He also wrote ( in his Letters ) accounts of how the constant wars between the Byzantine Empire and the Pechenegs, Magyars and Normans had destroyed most of the food of the land and caused many people to flee to the forests from the towns.

According to some theories the Gagauz people descend from the Seljuq Turks that settled in Dobruja, or from Pechenegs, Uz ( Oghuz ) and Cuman ( Kipchak ) people that followed the Anatolian Seljuq Sultan Izzeddin Keykavus II ( 1236 – 1276 ).

After the collapse of this state under pressure from the Khazars, it seems the Adyghe people were never politically united, a fact which reduced their influence in the area and their ability to withstand periodic invasions from groups like the Mongols, Avars, Pechenegs, Huns, and Khazars.

The alleged translation indicates that the text is a 11-12th century ( CE ) history of the Blaki ( Vlachs ) people in their fights against Hungarians and Pechenegs.

Probably they are the descendants of Muslim Pechenegs coz, since they are not called by the name of the nomad cuz people Oghuz Turks ( Yörüks ).

The Berindeis are mentioned in the chronicles of the Kievan Rus ' in the 11th and 12th centuries as " Chornye Klobuki " and, together with the Pechenegs and Uzs, became settled along the borders of the Russian steppes.

Al-Bakri ( 1014 – 1094 ) states that around 1068 A. D. there were considerable numbers of al-Khalis amongst the nomadic Muslim Pechenegs ( Hungarian: Besenyő ), that lived around the southern steppes of Russia.

For instance, the nomadic steppe peoples north of the Black Sea, including the Pechenegs and the Kipchaks, were called barbarians by Byzantines.

The planned Pecheneg attack from the north also failed, as the Pechenegs quarrelled with admiral Lekapenos, who refused to transport them across the Danube to aid the main Byzantine army.

Later on, the Uliches and the neighboring Tiverians had to retreat to the north displaced by the Pechenegs.

Although they ruined the Byzantine negotiations, the Bulgarians were still afraid that the old allies of the Byzantines, the Pechenegs and the Hungarians, would attack them from the north, so two small armies were sent to protect the northern borders of the vast Bulgarian empire that spread from Bosnia in the west to the Dnieper River in the east.

The expedition stayed for a few years in Kiev fighting against the Pechenegs, then ( in 1042 ) they continued to the Black Sea and the Christian country, called Särkland ( Georgia ).

Whatever the truth of this, the Pechenegs emerge in the historical records only in the 8th and 9th centuries, inhabiting the region between the lower Volga, the Don and the Ural Mountains.

* Pechenegs 8th – 11th c.

* 1091 – Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs are defeated by Byzantine Emperor Alexius I.

In 1090 – 91, the nomadic Pechenegs reached the walls of Constantinople, where Emperor Alexius I with the aid of the Kipchaks annihilated their army.

At the request of his son-in-law Sviatopolk I of Kiev, the Polish duke invaded Kievan Rus ' with an army of between 2, 000 – 5, 000 Polish warriors, in addition to Thietmar's reported 1, 000 Pechenegs, 300 German knights, and 500 Hungarian mercenaries.

* April 29 – Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs besiege Constantinople, but are defeated so decisively by Emperor Alexius I that they fade into oblivion.

* 6th – 9th century: Bulgars ( later Slavicized ), Pechenegs, Cumans, Hungarians

The region, therefore, passed as a temporary settling ground for Huns under the leader Uldin ( 387 ), Eurasian Avars ( 558 – 567 ), Slavs ( end of 6th century ), Bulgars under the leader Asparuh ( 679 ), Hungarians or Magyars ( 9th century ), Pechenegs ( 11th century, and again 12th century ), Cumans ( 12th century ) and others.

In the late 11th and early 12th centuries, the Cumans and Kipchaks became involved in various conflicts with the Byzantines, Kievan Rus, the Hungarians ( Cuman involvement only ), and the Pechenegs ( Cuman involvement only ), allying themselves with one or the other side at different times.

According to one of them, Hutsuls are descendants of White Croats, Slavic tribe that inhabited area from 4th until 12th century or Slavic tribe Ulichs, that had to leave their previous homes near the Buh river under the pressure of Pechenegs.

From the 9th to the 12th centuries, the region was under the authority of the First Bulgarian Empire, Pechenegs, and later of Cumans, who irregularly collected tribute from the indigenous villagers.