Ancient map ( 17th century ) depicting the locations of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

Even whom should be considered the earliest known king is contested: although C. Conti Rossini proposed that Zoskales of Axum, mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, should be identified with one Za Haqle mentioned in the Ethiopian King Lists ( a view embraced by later historians of Ethiopia such as Yuri M. Kobishchanov and Sergew Hable Sellasie ), G. W. B.

The unknown author of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea describes this route and the ports and trade goods along the coasts of Africa and India around AD 70.

The region lay at the southernmost end of a traditional trading world that encompassed the Red Sea, the Hadhramaut coast of Arabia and the Indian coast, described in the 1st-century coasting guide that is called the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mentions swords of Indian iron and steel being exported from India to Greece.

Greek texts such as the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and Ptolemy's Geography list a string of market places ( emporia ) along the coast.

A Greco-Roman text between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, mentioned the island of Menuthias, which is probably Unguja or Pemba.

Ghee is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as a typical trade article around the first century CE Arabian Sea, and Roman geographer Strabo describes it as a commodity of Arabia and Sudan.

Trade between Elim and Eilat furnished Frankincense and Myrrh, brought up from Ethiopia and Punt ; Bitumen and Natron, from the Dead Sea ; finely woven Linen, from Byblos ; and copper amulets, from Timna ; all mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, of the early 2nd century, mentions a marketplace named Poduke ( ch.

The Western Satraps or Kshatrapas ( 35-405 CE ) were Saka rulers of a land called Ariaca according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, in the western and central part of the Indian subcontinent, today the Saurashtra and Malwa regions of India.

Details of this trading across the Indian Ocean have been passed down in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.

Referred to as Aromata promontorium by the ancient Greeks, Guardafui was described as early as the 1 century CE in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, along with other flourishing commercial settlements on the northern Somali littoral.

The 1st-2nd century CE Periplus of the Erythraean Sea further testifies to the reign of Menander and the influence of the Indo-Greeks in India:

and also in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.

The other book, on Asia, is arranged similarly to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea of which a version of the 1st century AD survives.

Names, routes and locations of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea or Periplus of the Red Sea (, ) is a Greco-Roman periplus, written in Greek, describing navigation and trading opportunities from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice along the coast of the Red Sea, and others along Northeast Africa and the Indian subcontinent.

17th century map depicting the locations of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.

Opone is in the thirteenth entry of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, which in part states:

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea describes the trading empire of Himyar and Saba, regrouped under a single ruler Charibael ( Karab Il Watar Yuhan ' em II ), who is said to have been on friendly terms with Rome:

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, ISBN 0-904180-05-0, ( also includes translation of Red Sea material from Agatharchides )

Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century, Translated from the Greek and Annotated.

* " The present text has been digitalized from the translation of William H. Schoff, The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century ( New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1912 ).

Elsewhere in Northeast Africa, the Periplus of the Red Sea reports that Somalis, through their northern ports such as Zeila and Berbera, were trading frankincense and other items with the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula well before the arrival of Islam as well as with then Roman-controlled Egypt.

He also wrote a short account of a tour of inspection of the Black Sea coast in the traditional ' periplus ' form ( in Greek ) addressed to the Emperor Hadrian, the Periplus Ponti Euxini or " Circumnavigation of the Black Sea ".

Roman trade with India according to the Periplus Maris Erythraei, 1st century CE.

Indo-Roman trade and relations | Roman trade with ancient Coastal South West India according to the Periplus Maris Erythraei 1st century CE.

The Periplus says that a direct sailing route from the Red Sea to India across the open ocean was discovered by Hippalus ( 1st century BC ).

According to the Periplus, the ruler of Aksum in the 1st century AD was Zoscales, who, besides ruling in Aksum also held under his sway two harbours on the Red Sea: Adulis ( near Massawa ) and Avalites ( Assab ).

An anonymous 1st century traveler's account written in Greek, Periplus Maris Erytraei, describes the ports of the Pandya and Chera kingdoms in Damirica and their commercial activity in great detail.

* The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea was written by a Romanized Alexandrian in the 1st century CE.

Indo-Roman trade and relations | Roman trade with India started from Egypt according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ( 1st century ).

Roman trade with India according to the Periplus Maris Erythraei, ( Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ) 1st century CE.

Meroe is mentioned succinctly in the 1st century AD Periplus of the Erythraean Sea:

The dragon's blood known to the ancient Romans was mostly collected from D. cinnabari, and is mentioned in the 1st century Periplus ( 30: 10.

It was described in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ( probably 1st century CE ) as if it had fallen on hard times.

The " Homerite Kingdom " is described in the southern tip of the Arabian peninsula in the 1st century Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.

This is also suggested by the Periplus, a 1st century CE document on trade in the Indian Ocean, which describes the remnants of Greek presence ( shrines, barracks, wells, coinage ) in the strategic port of Barygaza ( Bharuch ) in Gujarat.

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea is a surviving 1st century guide to the routes commonly being used for navigating the Arabian Sea.

The 1st century CE Periplus of the Erythraean Sea describes the Scythian territories there:

In the 1st century, the anonymous mariner who wrote Periplus of the Erythraean Sea listed Podouke ( Pulicat ) as one of the three ports on the east coast of India.

The coastal trade from Berenice along the coast of the Indian Ocean is described in the anonymous 1st century AD handbook Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.

Adulis is described in the 1st century Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.

A branch of ancient sea routes led down the East African coast called " Azania " by the Greeks and Romans in the 1st century CE as described in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ( and, very probably, 澤散 Zesan in the 3rd century by the Chinese ),

By the time the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea was written ( mid 1st century ), it had clearly declined in importance.

The trade relations between Rome and the East, including China, according to the 1st century navigation guide Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

The leaves are mentioned in the 1st century Greek text Periplus Maris Erytraei as one of the major exports of the Malabar coast which is the present Kerala coast.