In the 1870s, Ottoman officials were reasserting their presence in the Persian Gulf, with a military intervention in 1871 — which was not effectively pursued — where family rivalries in Kuwait and Qatar were breeding chaos.

The gains that Thrasybulus made on this campaign were soon reversed, however, by Persian intervention.

Learning of Haman's scheme, Mordecai communicated with Queen Esther regarding it, and by her bold intervention the scheme was frustrated by distributing arms to the Jews of Susa and other Persian cities where they lived and clashed with Haman's militia, until the King rescinded the edict to murder the Empire's Jews.

* Persian rule in Egypt is finally restored by Megabyzus, satrap of Syria, after a prolonged struggle which has included dealing with a military intervention by Athens.

The Athenians, mindful of being in a similarly serious situation as when defeated in the Peloponnesian War less than two decades before and facing Persian intervention on Sparta's side, are thereby ready to make peace.

In a general peace conference at Sparta, the Spartans, with their authority enhanced by the threat of Persian intervention, secured the acquiescence of all the major states of Greece to these terms.

The Corinthian War began in 395 BC when Thebes, Argos, Corinth, and Athens, with Persian support and funding, united to oppose Spartan intervention in Locris and Phocis.

There, he co-authored a study recommending greater U. S. intervention in " the Persian Gulf Region because of our need for Persian Gulf oil and because events in the Persian Gulf affect the Arab-Israeli conflict.

This cooperation with the Soviet revolutionaries was based on some conditions including the announcement of the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic under his leadership and lack of any direct intervention by the Soviets in the internal affairs of the republic.

The previous year, the Persian invasion force, led by Xerxes himself, had scored victories at the battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium, and conquered Thessaly, Boeotia and Attica ; however, at the ensuing Battle of Salamis, the allied Greek navies had won an unlikely victory, and therefore prevented the conquest of the Peloponnese.

Iraq argued that the war had prevented the rise of Persian influence in the Arab World.

According to Isocrates, Artaxerxes II assembled an army in Phoenicia under the command of Abrocomas to retake Egypt shortly after coming to the Persian throne, but political problems with his brother Cyrus the Younger prevented this from taking place, allowing the Egyptians sufficient time to throw off Achaemenid rule.

Excepting Persian support, the reasons why he disliked Manichaenism were equally applicable, if not more so, to Christianity, his next target.

Christianity and Islam inherit most notions of guilt from Judaism, Persian, and Roman ideas, mostly as interpreted through Augustine, who adapted Plato's ideas to Christianity.

Gnosticism was primarily defined in Christian context, e. g., as " the acute Hellenization of Christianity " per Adolf von Harnack ( 1885 ), until Moritz Friedländer ( 1898 ) advocated Hellenistic Jewish origins, and Wilhelm Bousset ( 1907 ) advocated Persian origins.

The continued spread of Christianity, and the foundation of national churches, led to the translation of the Bible — often beginning with books from the New Testament — into a variety of other languages at a relatively early date: Armenian, Georgian, Ethiopic, Persian, Soghdian, and eventually Gothic, Old Church Slavonic, Arabic, and Nubian.

The Persian Church became increasingly Nestorian in doctrine over the next decades, furthering the divide between Chalcedonian Christianity and the Nestorians.

Nestorian missionaries were firmly established in China during the early part of the Tang Dynasty ( 618 – 907 ); the Chinese source known as the Nestorian Stele records a mission under a Persian proselyte named Alopen as introducing Nestorian Christianity to China in 635.

* 635-649: Alopen, a Persian Christian priest introduces Nestorian Christianity into China.

Christianity divided itself in the East during its early centuries both within and outside of the Roman Empire in disputes about christology and fundamental theology, as well as national divisions ( Roman, Persian, etc .).

Historically, the Church of the East was the widest reaching branch of Eastern Christianity, at its height spreading from its heartland in Persian ruled Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean, India, and China.

Charles ' victory is widely believed to have stopped the northward advance of Umayyad forces from the Iberian peninsula, and to have preserved Christianity in Europe during a period when Muslim rule was overrunning the remains of the old Roman and Persian Empires.

This precipitated the Nestorian Schism, by which churches supportive of Nestorius, especially in Persia, were severed from the rest of Christendom and became known as Nestorian Christianity, the Persian Church, or the Church of the East, whose present-day representatives are the Assyrian Church of the East, the Chaldean Syrian Church, the Ancient Church of the East, and the Chaldean Catholic Church.

The Persian Church became increasingly Nestorian in doctrine over the next decades, furthering the divide between Christianity in Persia and in the Roman Empire.

At one time it rivalled Christianity and the Zoroastrian religion of Persia, however it was driven out of existence by Persian and later Arab Islamic persecutions.

* Samvel Mamikonian killed his father Vahan, who converted to Christianity and joined the Zoroastrian Persian Empire.

Followers of Mithraism have proposed, from Persian sources, that Mithra might have been born of the union of Mother Earth and Ahuramazda, and that his story influenced both Christianity and Chinese mythology, where he became known as " The Friend ".

The growth of Christianity throughout the Greco-Roman world in the 4th, 5th and 6th centuries, together with the Hellenization of the Byzantine Empire of the period, would lead to the formation of a unique literary form, combining Christian, Greek, Roman and Oriental ( such as the Persian Empire ) influences.

Eve herself was verbally seduced by the serpent, believed in Christianity to be Satan ; the Sirens of Greek mythology lured sailors to their death by singing them to shipwreck ; Cleopatra beguiled both Julius Caesar and Marc Antony, Dionysus was the Greek God of Seduction and wine, and Persian queen Scheherazade saved herself from execution by story-telling.

However, after the rise of Christianity and conversion of Caucasian kingdoms to the new religion, Zoroastrianism lost its prevalence and only survived because of Persian power and influence still lingering in the region.

Like Agathias, he wrote epigrams, one of which, on a Persian magus, who became a convert to Christianity and died the death of a martyr, is preserved in the Greek Anthology ( i. 101 ).

Political pressure within Persia and cultural differences with western Christianity were mostly to blame for the Nestorian schism, in which the Persian church was labelled heretical.

The late Old Aramaic language of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Neo-Babylonian Empire and Achaemenid Persian Empire developed into the Middle Aramaic Syriac language of Persian Assyria which would become the liturgical language of Syriac Christianity.

Eastern Rite, Church of the East Christianity took hold in Persian ruled Mesopotamia, particularly in Assyria from the 1st Century AD onwards, and the region became a center of a flourishing Syriac-Assyrian literary tradition.

He had also learned a great deal about Persian customs and traditions from his teacher.

The Hindi alphabet must represent both Sanskrit and modern vocabulary, and so has been expanded to 58 with the khutma letters ( letters with a dot added ) to represent sounds from Persian and English.

In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm ( originating from al-Khwārizmī, the famous Persian mathematician Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī ) is a step-by-step procedure for calculations.

Hazred could come from the Persian or Arabic word " Hazrat " meaning Great Lord with a twist that makes it sound like " red " and " hazard " both indicative of danger.

Persian poetry from Ibn Sina is recorded in various manuscripts and later anthologies such as Nozhat al-Majales.

According to Benjamin Thorpe " Grimm says the word embla, emla, signifies a busy woman, from amr, ambr, aml, ambl, assiduous labour ; the same relation as Meshia and Meshiane, the ancient Persian names of the first man and woman, who were also formed from trees.

After arriving in Bombay in February 1846, the Persian government demanded his extradition from India.

Then, in 396 BC, Agesilaus crossed into Asia with a force of 2, 000 neodamodes ( freed helots ) and 6, 000 allies ( including 30 spartiates ) to liberate Greek cities from Persian dominion.

In these campaigns Agesilaus also benefited from the aid of the Ten Thousand, who marched through miles of Persian territory to make it to the Black Sea.

As Sargon extended his conquest from the " Lower Sea " ( Persian Gulf ), to the " Upper Sea " ( Mediterranean ), it was felt that he ruled " the totality of the lands under heaven ", or " from sunrise to sunset ", as contemporary texts put it.

It may be derived from an Iranian ethnonym * ha-mazan -, " warriors ", a word attested as a denominal verb ( formed with the Indo-Iranian root kar-" make " also in kar-ma ) in Hesychius of Alexandria's gloss (" hamazakaran: ' to make war ' ( Persian )").

Iron plate with an order 6 magic square in Persian / Arabic numbers from China, dating to the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 ).

It lies on Abadan Island ( long, 3 – 19 km or 2 – 12 miles wide, the island is bounded in the west by the Arvand waterway and to the east by the Bahmanshir outlet of the Karun River ), from the Persian Gulf, near the Iraqi-Iran border.

Farahvashi to be derived from the Persian word " ab " ( water ) and the root " pā " ( guard, watch ) thus " coastguard station ").

Cynegeirus however died in the battle, receiving a mortal wound while trying to prevent a Persian ship retreating from the shore, for which his countrymen extolled him as a hero.

In the aftermath of Mycale, the Spartan king Leotychides had proposed transplanting all the Greeks from Asia Minor to Europe as the only method of permanently freeing them from Persian dominion.

In addition, there is no evidence whatsoever in Assyrian, Babylonian, Median, Persian, Greek or Egyptian records of the time mentioning deportations of Assyrians from their homelands

Multi-winged angels, often with only their face and wings showing, drawn from the higher grades of angels, especially cherubim and seraphim, are derived from Persian art, and are usually shown only in heavenly contexts, as opposed to performing tasks on earth.

But its prosperity dates from 544 BC, when the majority of the people of Teos ( including the poet Anacreon ) migrated to Abdera to escape the Persian yoke ( Herodotus i. 168 ).

The word assassin is often believed to derive from the word Hashshashin ( Persian: حش ّ اشين, ħashshāshīyīn, also Hashishin, Hashashiyyin, or Assassins ), and shares its etymological roots with hashish ( or ; from Arabic: ).