; Pinetree Line, Pole Vault

* Pinetree Line radar system completed

The Ground Observer Corps south of the 55th Parallel ( including that in North Bay ) was disbanded in May 1960, having been rendered obsolete by NORAD's new SAGE system ( described below ) and Distant Early Warning and Pinetree Line radar networks.

Research into the radar site in the National Archives of Canada indicates that it was largely a United States Army Air Forces operation, pre-dating the Pinetree Line radar bases that were erected to focus on the Cold War threat.

The DEW Line was the northernmost and most capable of three radar lines in Canada and Alaska ; the joint Canadian-US Pinetree Line ran from Newfoundland to Vancouver Island, and the Mid-Canada Line ran somewhat north of this.

In addition to the secondary Mid-Canada Line and the tertiary Pinetree Line lines, the DEW Line marked the edge of an electronic grid controlled by the new SAGE ( Semi Automatic Ground Environment ) computer system and was ultimately centred on the Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado command hub of the North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ).

From north to south: Distant Early Warning ( DEW ) Line, Mid-Canada Line, and Pinetree Line.

Improvements in Soviet technology rendered the Pinetree Line and Mid-Canada Line inadequate to provide enough early warning and on February 15, 1954, the Canadian and American governments agreed to jointly build a third line of radar stations ( Distant Early Warning ), this time running across the high Arctic.

From north to south: Distant Early Warning Line | Distant Early Warning ( DEW ) Line, Mid-Canada Line, and Pinetree Line.

Plans for what would become the Pinetree Line were underway as early as 1946 within the Permanent Joint Board on Defence ( PJBD ), a Canadian-U. S. organization.

The Pinetree Line had several technical problems that limited its usefulness almost immediately.

From north to south: Distant Early Warning Line, Mid-Canada Line, and Pinetree Line.

Add to this, during World War II, from May 1942 to July 1945, the U. S. Army Air Force's 8th Air Force Bomber Command, code-named " Pinetree ", was based at a former girls ' school at High Wycombe.

It was built to supplement the less-advanced Pinetree Line, which was located further south.

The easternmost station at Hopedale, Labrador was co-located with an existing Pinetree Line station in order to save construction costs.

Even before the line became operational, in a repeat of earlier history, a new and more capable line was already under study that would combine the plotting capability of the Pinetree system with the line-breaking capabilities of the MCL, and located much further north to dramatically improve the detection and response times.

However as the Soviet Union moved their offensive capability to ICBMs it became clear that both the MCL and Pinetree systems were of limited use, and the entire Mid-Canada line was shut down in April 1965. The operations site located at Cranberry Portage, Manitoba, for example, has been converted into a high school and residence since active operations at the site closed in the mid-1960s.

In 1951 the Pinetree Line was established north of the US-Canadian border, and in 1953 Canada built the Mid-Canada Air Warning Line, which was manned by the Canadian military.

The Pinetree Line was built to control the air battle between the NORAD interceptor forces and manned Soviet bombers.

It was intended to protect them in the event of both an unexpected nuclear attack, which, they were told, might come at any time without warning ( although with the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System, and the Pinetree Line of the era, a surprise attack was unlikely ) and in the event sufficient warning is given.

Although the South Shore did not play a major role during the First World War, the area saw significant military activity during the Second World War and the ensuing Cold War, as Shelburne and Mill Cove became home to Royal Canadian Navy bases, and a Pinetree Line radar station was established by the Royal Canadian Air Force at Baccaro.

In 1988, the Pinetree Line radar site at CFS Goose Bay was closed.

To the south and southwest lay the Wateree River and to the east was Pinetree creek.

From the 1960s to the late 1980s it was home to families of Royal Canadian Air Force and later Canadian Forces personnel stationed at CFS Barrington, a Pinetree Line early warning radar station located 27 km away at Baccaro.

RCAF Station Beaverbank was a long-range Pinetree Line early warning radar station operated by the Royal Canadian Air Force, located in central Nova Scotia near the community of Beaverbank.

In 1955 McAndrew AFB was decommissioned and the facility was turned over to the US Navy with USAF personnel moving to other locations in Newfoundland such as Ernest Harmon AFB, Goose AFB or various radar installations being built in conjunction with the Royal Canadian Air Force such as the Pinetree Line, Mid-Canada Line and DEW Line.

By that time, the Pinetree Line early warning radar network was being proposed by the United States Air Force ( USAF ) and Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ).

Construction of a Pinetree Line of Ground-Control Intercept ( GCI ) radar site began at Baccaro Point in 1955 and was completed in 1957.

: A series of fourteen stations providing communications for Eastern seaboard radar stations of the US / Canadian Pinetree line, running from N-31 Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island to St. Johns, Labrador.

The DEW Line and Pinetree Line radar systems formed the backbone of continental air defense in the 1950s and 1960s.

An abandoned USAF Pinetree Line radar site is located on nearby Table Mountain, north of the town.

At the same time, the Pinetree Line, the Mid-Canada Line and the DEW Line radar stations, largely operated by the RCAF, were built across Canada because of the growing Soviet nuclear threat.

SAGE used massive computers to combine reports sent in via teleprinter from the Pinetree Line and other radar networks to produce a picture of all of the air traffic in a particular " sector " s area.

The USAF sought to build more roads in the area to serve the base and nearby Pinetree Line early warning radar site and to patrol the immediate area for security ; the roads would also act as a means of dispersing personnel in an emergency.

In 1954, Comox became home to a Pinetree Line radar early-warning station, operated by the " 51 Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron ( radar )".

Canada would lease 66 F-101 Voodoo fighters and take over operation of 12 Pinetree radar bases.

The Pinetree stations were kept operational during this period, and most underwent modifications as a part of the deployment of SAGE.

Nevertheless many of the Pinetree stations were kept operational into the 1980s, particularly on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.

In 1953, the Canadian Forces Station Senneterre opened, home to the No. 34 Aircraft Control & Warning Squadron and part of the Pinetree Line Radar stations.

Southlands Boulevarde is a shopping centre located in Willetton, Western Australia, along Pinetree Gully Road and facing Willetton Senior High School.

* Pole Vault a code-name for the troposcatter communications network used by the Pinetree Line air defence radars in the northern states of North America.

A ring of redoubts, constructed by the British during their year long occupation of the town, stretched from the Wateree to the Pinetree and covered the northern approaches.