He claims that from 1421 to 1423, during the Ming Dynasty of China under Emperor Zhu Di ( 朱棣 ) the fleets of Admiral Zheng He ( 鄭和 ), commanded by the Chinese captains Zhou Wen ( 周聞 ), Zhou Man ( 周滿 ), Yang Qing ( 楊慶 ), and Hong Bao ( 洪保 ), discovered Australia, New Zealand, the Americas, Antarctica, and the Northeast Passage ; circumnavigated Greenland, tried to reach the North and South Poles, and circumnavigated the world before Ferdinand Magellan.

Meanwhile, the anti-Swedish alliance had deployed an army to Denmark, to confront Charles X Gustav with a force of 14, 500 Brandenburgers commanded by Frederick William I, 10, 600 Austrians commanded by Raimondo Montecuccoli, and 4, 500 Poles commanded by Czarniecki.

The center, commanded by General of Brigade Louis Gaspard Peyri, included two battalions of Poles and the 4th battalion of the 1st Swiss Regiment.

He commanded the flight from May 1943 then in August he became a Squadron Leader ( being one of three Poles commanding British squadrons ).

Maj. Philippe de Ségur in his memoirs wrote that he had commanded the charge, but his relations were often described as unreliable and again both Dautancourt and the Poles denied his role.

The Poles, encouraged by their success on the first day, deployed all their available cavalry.

This time, Tatar cavalry gained the upper hand, pushing the Poles back to their camp but were then repulsed by heavy fire from the Polish infantry and artillery.

Germans, Irish, Poles, Swedes and Czechs made up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population ( by 1900, whites were 98. 1 % of the city's population ).

On 9 October 1334, he confirmed the privileges granted to Jewish Poles in 1264 by Bolesław V the Chaste.

Poles and Lithuanians also brought a group of Samogitian representatives to testify of atrocities committed by the Knights.

In 1226 Duke Konrad I of Masovia summoned the Teutonic Knights for assistance ; by 1230 they had secured Chełmno ( Culm ) and begun claiming conquered territories for themselves under the authority of the Holy Roman Empire, although these claims were rejected by the Poles, whose ambition had been to conquer Prussia all along.

98 % of the new inhabitants were Poles expelled from Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union or Polish peasants from central Poland.

The largest group of foreigners are Icelanders comprising 0. 4 % of the population, followed by Norwegians and Poles, each comprising 0. 2 %.

The Congress implemented a new partition scheme, which took into account some of the gains realized by the Poles during the Napoleonic period.

At the time when the futility of armed resistance without external support was realized by most Poles, the various segments of the Polish society were undergoing deep and far-reaching social, economic and cultural transformations.

When it was finally printed, thousands of Poles in Warsaw lined up for as long as eight hours to purchase copies of the work autographed by Kosiński.

Initially, Germany hoped to transform Poland into a satellite state, but by March 1939 German demands had been rejected by the Poles three times, which led Hitler to decide, with enthusiastic support from Ribbentrop, upon the destruction of Poland as the main German foreign policy goal of 1939.

On 26 March, in an extremely stormy meeting with the Polish Ambassador Józef Lipski, Ribbentrop accused the Poles of attempting to bully Germany by their partial mobilization and violently attacked them for only offering consideration of the German demand about the " extra-territorial " roads.

In April 1939, when Ribbentrop announced at a secret meeting of the Foreign Office's senior staff that Germany was ending talks with the Poles and was instead going to destroy Poland in an operation late that year, the news was greeted joyfully by those present.

Hence, the emphasis on pressuring the Poles to allow the return of Danzig to Germany as a way of peacefully resolving the crisis by allowing Hitler to back down without losing face.

" As intended by Ribbentrop, the narrow time limit for acceptance of the " final offer " made it impossible for the British government to contact the Polish government in time about the German offer, let alone for the Poles to arrange for a Polish plenipotentiary envoy to arrive in Berlin that night, thereby allowing Ribbentrop to claim that the Poles had rejected the German " final offer ".

Most Poles ( about a million ) from Eastern Poland invaded by USSR in 1939 were deported to Kazakhstan.

The Christian army of the Polish duke Henry II the Pious of Silesia, supported by the feudal nobility, included Poles, Bavarian miners and military orders, was decisively defeated by the Mongols.

The unescorted, but armed, ship was carrying 1, 800 Italian POWs guarded by 103 Free Poles, 268 British military personnel from the Desert War in Egypt, and a number of civilians.

The first chancellor of the University was Piotr Wysz, and the first professors were Czechs, Germans and Poles, many of them trained at the Charles University in Prague in Bohemia.

On 9 June 1941 at present-day Wolności Square the public execution of the three Poles, Kalikst Perkowski, Wilhelm Czernecki and Piotr Sanda took place.

Also lost were Piotr Smoleński and Jan Graliński of the prewar Cipher Bureau's Russian section, and a French officer accompanying the three Poles, Captain François Lane.

According to historian Yohanan Cohen's estimate, in 1939 the population in the territories east of the Curzon Line gained via the Treaty of Riga totalled 12 million, consisting of over 5 million Ukrainians, between 3. 5 and 4 million Poles, 1. 5 million Belarusians, and 1. 3 million Jews.

During the period preceding the Partitions of Poland, Uhlan formations consisting of Poles or Polish Tartars were created in most surrounding states simply because the Polish Crown had not the resources or political possibilities to afford a numerous army.

Since 1997, Tokoroa has been " sprouting " Talking Poles, consisting mainly of carvings representing ethnic culture, sport & recreation and industry in the town.

Huta Stara, while consisting of around 100 homes, became a regional sanctuary for 10, 000 Poles who flocked to the town seeking shelter and safety from UPA attacks.

Based on the Nazis ' incomplete transport list Zugangsliste consisting 25, 028 names of women sent by Nazis to the camp, it is estimated that inmates of Ravensbrück ethnic structure was the following: Poles 24. 9 %, Germans 19. 9 %, Jews 15. 1 %, Russians 15. 0 %, French 7. 3 %, Gypsies 5. 4 %, other 12. 4 %.

The Wallachian army numbered approximately 22, 000, consisting mainly of mercenaries of different nationalities, including Hungarian Szeklers, Cossacks, and Poles.

Others deported to Auschwitz included 150, 000 Poles, 23, 000 Roma and Sinti, 15, 000 Soviet prisoners of war, some 400 Jehovah's Witnesses and tens of thousands of people of diverse nationalities.

Auschwitz II was an extermination camp or Vernichtungslager, the site of the deaths of at least 960, 000 Jews, 75, 000 Poles, and some 19, 000 Roma.

For a few illustrative examples: German speakers use " Wasserstoff " ( water substance ) for " hydrogen ", " Sauerstoff " ( acid substance ) for " oxygen " and " Stickstoff " ( smothering substance ) for " nitrogen ", while English and some romance languages use " sodium " for " natrium " and " potassium " for " kalium ", and the French, Italians, Greeks, Portuguese and Poles prefer " azote / azot / azoto " ( from roots meaning " no life ") for " nitrogen ".

For example Winston Churchill 1941 said in a broadcast speech: " There are less than 70, 000, 000 malignant Huns, some of whom are curable and others killable, most of whom are already engaged in holding down Austrians, Czechs, Poles and the many other ancient races they now bully and pillage.

In February 1613, with the chaos ended and the Poles expelled from Moscow, a national assembly, composed of representatives from fifty cities and even some peasants, elected Michael Romanov, the young son of Patriarch Filaret, to the throne.

In some of his work in particular his provocative lecture on " The Nation State and Economic Policy " delivered in 1895, Weber criticizes the immigration of Poles and blames the Junker class for perpetuating Slavic immigration to serve their selfish interests.

Although early Pan-Slavism had found interest among some Poles, it soon lost its appeal as the movement became dominated by Russia, and while Russian Pan-Slavists spoke of liberation of other Slavs through Russian actions, parts of Poland had been ruled by the Russian Empire since the Partitions of Poland.

However, this imposition of states where some nationalities ( especially Poles, Czechs, and Serbs and Romanians ) were given power over nationalities who disliked and distrusted them eventually helped lead to World War II.

Many Poles initially hated the building because they considered it to be a symbol of Soviet domination, and at least some of that negative feeling persists today.

Repnin also demanded religious freedom for the Protestant and Orthodox Christians, and the resulting reaction among some of Poland's Roman Catholics, as well as the deep resentment of Russian intervention in the Commonwealth's domestic affairs, led to the War of the Confederation of Bar from 1768 – 1772, where the Poles tried to expel Russian forces from Commonwealth territory.

According to some later commentators, many people were shocked by the findings, which contrast with the rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust.

The Nazis also considered some percentages of young Slavs like some Poles, some Czechs and some Belarusians to be sufficient subjects for Germanisation.

During the Jedwabne pogrom of July 1941, some non-Jewish Poles burned at least 340 Jews in a barn-house ( final findings of the Institute of National Remembrance ) in the presence of Nazi German Ordnungspolizei.

The CIA described the information SIS received from these Poles as " some of the most valuable intelligence ever collected ", and rewarded SIS with $ 20 million to expand their Polish operation.

Of the whole, 79 % were Latvians, 8. 4 % Baltic Germans, about 8 % Jews, 1. 4 % Russians, 1 % Lithuanians, 1 % Poles, and some Livonians.

Poles believed to have supported wooden bird figures very similar to the sotdae have been found together with wooden birds, and are believed by some historians to have somehow evolved into today's torii.

After some negotiations, the Poles left Suceava on October 19.

Byrnes had some questionable history: he agreed at Potsdam in July 1945 to " temporarily assign " an area of southern Silesia to " Polish Administration " which was more than the Poles and Soviets had expected to be agreed to.

During yet another war between Poland and the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, some Hussite raiders helped the Poles.