* The Henrician Articles ( 1573 ; Poland-Lithuania ) or King Henry's Articles were a permanent contract that stated the fundamental principles of governance and constitutional law in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, including the rights of the nobility to elect the king, to meet in parliament whose approval was required to levy taxes and declare war or peace, to religious liberty and the right to rebel in case the king transgressed against the laws of the republic or the rights of the nobility.

That same year, the Sejm ( parliament ) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth passed the Semper fidelis Poloniae Faithful to Poland " Act ( as most people construed the Latin phrase ).

In 1773, in the aftermath of the War of the Bar Confederation, a special session of the Sejm ( Polish parliament ) was convened in Warsaw, capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by its three neighbours ( Russian Empire, Prussia and Austria ) in order to legalize their First Partition of Poland.

The Polish-Lithuanian parliament, the Sejm, reacted by increasing funds for the army and recalling forces and commanders from the southern front ( deemed less important as most of that war took part outside Commonwealth territory ) to the threatened north.

The Great Sejm, also known as the Four-Year Sejm ( Polish: respectively, Sejm Wielki or Sejm Czteroletni ; Lithuanian: Didysis seimas or Ketverių metų seimas ) was a Sejm ( parliament ) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that was held in Warsaw between 1788 and 1792.

Via the Chronicles of Wincenty Kadłubek and the Sermons of Stanisław of Skarbimierz, it contributed to the development of the unique " Golden Liberty " that would characterize the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, whose kings were elected and were obliged to obey the Sejm ( parliament ).

Aware that Russia was preparing for war, in the spring of 1632 the Sejm ( Polish-Lithuanian parliament ) increased the army by recruiting an additional 4, 500 men ; by mid-1632 the deputy voivode ( podwojewoda ) of Smolensk, Samuel Drucki-Sokoliński, had about 500 volunteers from pospolite ruszenie and 2, 500 regular army soldiers and Cossacks.

It was instituted by the Government Act ( Polish: Ustawa rządowa ) adopted on that date by the Sejm ( parliament ) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Silent Sejm ( also Dumb Sejm and literally Mute Sejm, ; ; ) is the name given to the session of the Sejm ( parliament ) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of 1 February 1717.

He was also the only Polish-Lithuanian member of the Taryba, the provisional Lithuanian parliament formed in the later stages of World War I.

The constitution's acceptance, and the possible long-term consequences it may have had, is arguably the reason for which the powers of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Prussia then decided to partition the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ; thus putting an end to over 300 years of Polish parliamentary continuity.

Harry, Albert, Sam and their Jewish parents emigrated to North America from the part of Poland that had been subjugated to the Russian Empire following the 18th-century partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth near present-day Ostroleka, Poland.

After Polish-Lithuanian victory in the Battle of Grunwald, Teutonic knights had to pay huge sum of silver to Poland as reparation and again, through diplomacy of his friend Stibor, Sigismund could borrow all this silver from King Jogaila of Poland on good conditions.

But before the nomination arrived at Kościuszko's camp in Sieciechów, on July 24, 1792 the King had betrayed the army by formally announcing his access to the Targowica Confederation and ordered the Polish-Lithuanian armies to cease hostilities against the Russians.

He and his sons had been holding the city till 1667 and then they began to serve under Alexis of Russia, however, after the Truce of Andrusovo Gomel at last returned to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, where it firth belonged to M. K. Radzivill and then till the annexation by the Russian Empire – to the Chartoryiskiy family.

Initially the coup d ' état of the duke of Anjou was a success, but Catherine de Medici went out of her way to deprive him from any power in France: she sent him with the royal army to remain in front of La Rochelle and then had him elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The title had disappeared by the era of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the office replaced with other institutions.

The December note did not address the issue of Galicia, since it had been a part of the Austrian Empire rather than the Russian, nor did it address the Polish-Lithuanian dispute over the Vilnius Region, since those borders were demarcated at the time by the Foch Line.

The institution of the Pale became more significant following the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, since until then, Russia's Jewish population had been rather limited ; the dramatic westward expansion of the Czarist Empire through the annexation of Polish-Lithuanian territory increased the Jewish population substantially.

Sweden had remained in a state of war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth since the Polish – Swedish War ( 1626 – 1629 ), which was concluded by the repeatedly renewed truce ( Altmark, Stuhmsdorf ).

Meanwhile, Russian and Cossack forces had occupied the east of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as far as Lublin, with only Lwow ( Lviv, Lemberg ) remaining under Polish-Lithuanian control.

The new state would be one of the smallest Polish states ever, smaller than the preceding Duchy of Warsaw and much smaller than the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth which had a population of 10 million and an area of 1 million km < sup > 2 </ sup >.

After the 1795 Third Partition of Poland ( Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ), Poland had ceased to exist as an independent state.

The interruption of the literary tradition was especially drastic in Belarusian: In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish had largely replaced Ruthenian as the language of administration and literature.

Stanisław August Poniatowski, King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, had in theory at his disposal a 48, 000 strong Crown army and the Lithuanian army more than half that size to confront them.

The condition for settlement was, according to the order of King August II of 1710, all newly-arrived foreign settlers in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had to be Catholic.

After the allied Prussian forces of the Lizard Union under Nicholas von Renys broke away, the Grand Master had to face the superior numbers of the Polish-Lithuanian union.

The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had one of the largest number of nobility in Europe, close to 10 % of the population, in some regions, like Samogitia, it was closer to 12 %.

Domeyko had, however, been brought up in the culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, a multicultural entity whose educated and dominant classes had spoken Polish as a lingua franca and that, shortly before Domeyko's birth, had been dismembered in the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The title " magnus dux " or " grand duke " ( Didysis kunigaikštis in Lithuanian ) is said to have been used by the rulers of Lithuania, and after rulers from the Jagiellon dynasty became kings of Poland, it was later found among the titles used by kings of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Churches from the Polish-Lithuanian period were likewise destroyed, although the Resurrection Church ( 1772 – 77 ) has been rebuilt.

In 1657, and again in 1706, the town and castle were captured by the Swedes during their invasions of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ; on January 13, 1660 the invading Muscovite Russian army under Ivan Andreyevich Khovansky took the Brest castle in a surprise early morning attack, the town having been captured earlier, and massacred the 1700 defenders and their families ( according to captain Rosestein, Austrian observer ); on July 23, 1792 a battle was fought between the regiments of Duchy of Lithuania ( part of Polish Army ) defending the town and the invading Russian Imperial Army ; on September 19, 1794 the area between Brest and Terespol was the scene of a victorious battle won by the invading Russian Imperial army under Suvorov over the Kościuszko Uprising army division under general Karol Sierakowski known in Russian sources as ( Battle of Brest ).

The term has been applied to all Orthodox Ruthenian lands of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Żubrówka has been manufactured in the region of the contemporary Polish-Belarusian ( Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ) border since the 16th century, and by 18th century was one of the favorite raw drinks of the nobility ( szlachta ) and the peasantry alike.

Pahonia has been the main element of emblems of all Voivodeships on the lands of modern Belarus in the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The preliminary treaty of Wehlau had been signed on 19 September 1657 by Frederick William I's envoys von Schwerin and von Somnitz, as well as by Warmian ( Ermland ) bishop Wacław Leszczyński and Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski for the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and Habsburg delegate and mediator Franz Paul Freiherr von Lisola.

While his mother Freiin von Damnitz was Austrian, his parental ancestors of the Mikulicz family were of Polish-Lithuanian szlachta origin and had been granted the Gozdawa coat of arms by King John III Sobieski after the 1683 Battle of Vienna.

Though Wilhelm's first wife had died in 1912, two of her ancestors had been elected to rule the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century ; August III the Saxon and Stanisław Leszczyński.

The village was a short distance from Warsaw in the part of Poland that had been subjugated to the Russian Empire following the 18th-century partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth .< ref name =" Sinclair "> Doug Sinclair, " The Family of Benjamin and Pearl Leah ( Eichelbaum ) Warner: Early Primary Records ," ( 2008 ), published at Doug Sinclair's Archives < http :// dougsinclairsarchives. com / benjaminwarnerfamily. htm ></ ref > He was the son of Benjamin Wonsal, a shoemaker born in Krasnosielc, and Pearl Leah Eichelbaum.

He had been brought up in the culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, a multicultural state that had encompassed most of what today are the separate countries of Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine.

Since the 14th century, it has been an honorary title in the Crown of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and later in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

That pessimism had been caused by the situation of Poland ( which nine decades earlier, upon the completion of the Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, had ceased to exist as an independent country ) and by the 1883 failure of Nowiny ( News ), a Warsaw daily that Prus had been editing for less than a year.

The Temple had been erected in the late 18th century by Princess Izabela Czartoryska as a museum and patriotic memorial to the late Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Following the decline of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in late 18th century, the state had been divided among its neighbours in what is known as the partitions of Poland.