The mid-August British-French talks with the Soviets on forming an anti-Nazi defensive military alliance had failed, in part over the Polish government's refusal to allow the Red Army to operate on Polish territory.

In public, Ribbentrop expressed great fury at the Polish refusal to allow for Danzig's return to the Reich, or to grant Polish permission for the " extra-territorial " highways, but since these matters were only intended after March 1939 to be a pretext for German aggression, Ribbentrop always refused in private to allow for any talks between German and Polish diplomats about these matters.

Pius XII's refusal to censure the German invasion and annexation of Poland was regarded as a " betrayal " by many Polish Catholics and clergy, who saw his appointment of Hilarius Breitinger as apostolic administrator for the Wartheland in May 1942 as " implicit recognition " of the breakup of Poland ; the opinions of the Volksdeutsche, mostly German Catholic minorities living in occupied Poland, were more mixed.

** Cauldron — a French and German led European Confederation go to war with the US, Great Britain and several Eastern European countries over the Polish, Czech and others refusal to join the European Confederation-satellite weapons, military aircraft and nuclear weapons.

Over the next ten years, substantial friction arose between Poland and France over the Polish refusal to submit towards German demands.

The Government-in-Exile's refusal to accept the proposed new Polish borders irritated the Allies, particularly Churchill, making them less inclined to oppose Stalin on the question of the composition of the postwar government.

Napoleon's Grande Armée, including a substantial contingent of Polish troops, set out with the purpose of bringing the Russian Empire to its knees, but his military ambitions were frustrated by his failure to supply the army in Russia and Russia's refusal to surrender after the capture of Moscow ; few returned from the march back.

The Western Allies found it difficult to fully support the Delegatura's interagency and refusal to recognize the new Polish border, and Stalin succeeded in removing them from the negotiations by refusing to negotiate with them as the sole representative of Poland.

The government-in-exile's refusal to accept the proposed new Polish borders infuriated the Allies, particularly Churchill, making them less inclined to oppose Stalin on issues of how Poland's postwar government would be structured.

The last straw in the souring relations with Tsar Peter was his refusal to commit any significant force to defend Ukraine against the Polish King Stanislaus Leszczynski, an ally of Charles XII of Sweden, who threatened to attack the Cossack Hetmanate in 1708.

This led to friction between the Polish community in the United States and the Polish government, and subsequent refusal by Polish Americans to again help the Polish cause militarily.

However, continued friction with the Soviets and their refusal to adequately supply the Polish troops with war equipment and food, as well as the Soviets ' insistence on dispersing the not-yet-combat-ready Polish units along the front, led to the eventual evacuation of Anders's troops, along with a sizable contingent of Polish civilians, to Iran.

Horthy's refusal allowed the Polish government and tens of thousands of Polish military to escape into neighboring Hungary and Romania ; and from there, to France and French-mandated Syria, to carry on the war as the third-strongest Allied belligerent after Britain and France.

The Polish government did not trust Hitler's promises and refused to accept Germany's demands.

Looming as just as large a concern was the Czechoslovak eagerness to accept the aid, as well as indications of a similar Polish attitude.

In addition, the Polish Duke had to accept Pomerania and Rügen as fiefs of the Empire.

Jogaila chose therefore to accept a Polish proposal to become a Catholic and marry the eleven-year-old Queen Jadwiga of Poland.

However, by 1783 Forster saw that his involvement with the Rosicrucians not only led him away from real science, but also deeper into debt ( it is said he was not good at money ); for these reason Forster was happy to accept a proposal by the Polish Komisja Edukacji Narodowej ( Commission of National Education ) and became Chair of Natural History at Vilnius University in 1784.

In 1181 the dukes of Pomerania decided to accept the Holy Roman emperor as their liege lord instead of the Polish king.

Poland stated that it would not accept Jews of Polish origin after the end of October.

Poland, however, said that it would not accept Jews of Polish origin, whom it no longer considered to be Polish citizens, after the end of October.

Stalin then directed that Mikołajczyk's Polish People's Party ( PSL ) must accept just one fourth of parliamentary mandated seats, or else repressions and political isolation would ensue.

However, of great concern to the Soviets was Czechoslovakia's eagerness to accept the aid and indications of a similar Polish attitude.

The Tsar granted Kościuszko 12, 000 rubles, which the Polish leader attempted in 1798 to return ; the Tsar refused to accept it back as " money from a traitor ".

Neither did the Polish – Lithuanian nobility accept Frederick's royal status, seeing the Polish province of Royal Prussia endangered, and only in 1764 was the Prussian kingship accepted.

The date of his birth is only an assumption, as no documents exist to prove it without a doubt ; most historians accept the 1599 date, although Zdzisław Spieralski argued for 1604 His father, Krzysztof Czarniecki, was a soldier who participated in several wars in the late 16th and early 17th century, and eventually became a courtier to Polish queen Constance of Austria.

After 1945, the Polish population of the area east of the new Soviet-Polish border was in general confronted with the alternative either to accept a different nationality or to emigrate.

In the meantime, Polish – Lithuanian relations worsened as Polish politicians found it hard to accept the Lithuanians ' demands for certain territories, especially the city of Vilnius which had a Polish ethnic majority but was regarded by Lithuanians as their historical capital.

Lithuania declined to accept the Polish authority over the area.

In fact, a special parliamentary delegation consisting of six members of the Sejm held a vote on whether to accept the Soviets ' far-reaching concessions, which would leave Minsk on the Polish side of the border.

After the spring of 1905, when the Russians were forced to accept a limited liberalization, the period of Polish cultural revival started.

There was the Polish Revolution which we misunderstood and then helped guide along a course favorable to Soviet interests.

* 1920 – Polish – Soviet War: the Battle of Warsaw begins and will last till August 25.

* 1919 – Polish – Soviet War: The Polish army launches the Vilna offensive to capture Vilnius in modern Lithuania.

* 1943 – World War II: The discovery of a mass grave of Polish prisoners of war killed by Soviet forces in the Katyń Forest Massacre is announced, causing a diplomatic rift between the Polish government in exile in London from the Soviet Union, which denies responsibility.

While most armies still maintained cavalry units at the outbreak of World War II in 1939, significant mounted action was largely restricted to the Polish, Balkan and Soviet campaigns.

98 % of the new inhabitants were Poles expelled from Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union or Polish peasants from central Poland.

* 1940 – The Soviet Union begins mass deportations of Polish citizens from occupied eastern Poland to Siberia.

The city is liberated by Soviet and Polish forces.

The tactics of guerrilla warfare were used successfully in the 20th century by — among others — the Soviet partisans and the Polish Home Army and the OSS in Burma in World War II ; Mao Zedong and the People's Liberation Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War.

After the German invasion of Poland that marked the start of WWII in Europe, the Soviet Union invaded and annexed eastern parts of the Second Polish Republic.

The Nazis began the systematic genocide of over 11 million people, including the majority of the Jews of Europe and Gypsies as well as millions of Polish and Soviet Slavs.

Polish – Soviet War, Battle of Warsaw ( 1920 ) | defenses near Warsaw, August 1920

Of the several border-settling conflicts that ensued, the Polish – Soviet War of 1919-1921 was the confrontation fought on a very large scale.

Their representative at the Peace of Riga talks opted for leaving Minsk, Berdychiv, Kamianets-Podilskyi and the surrounding areas on the Soviet side of the border, not wanting to allow population shifts National Democrats considered politically undesirable, including what would be a reduced proportion of citizens who were ethnically Polish.

The territories in the east won by 1921 would form the basis for a swap arranged and carried out by the Soviets in 1943-1945, who at that time compensated the reemerging Polish state for its eastern lands lost to the Soviet Union with conquered areas of eastern Germany.

The successful outcome of the Polish – Soviet War gave Poland a false sense of being a major and self-sufficient military power, and the government a justification for trying to resolve international problems through imposed unilateral solutions.

The situation is further complicated by the fact that parts of the current Polish population in historical eastern Germany are themselves expellees ( or descendants of expellees ) who were expelled from Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union and were forced to leave their homes and property behind as well.

Stalin also stated that the Polish government-in-exile demands for self-rule were not negotiable, such that the Soviet Union would keep the territory of eastern Poland they had already taken by invasion with German consent in 1939, and wanted the pro-Soviet Polish government installed.