One small group, the Northeastern Pomo of the Stonyford vicinity of Colusa County, was separated from the core Pomo area by lands inhabited by Yuki and Wintuan speakers.

When the Spanish missionaries came to California, they found that thousands of Native Americans lived in the Clear Lake Basin, primarily Pomo, Yuki, and Wappo with some Lake Miwok.

Umbellularia has long been valued for its many uses by Native Americans throughout the tree's range, including the Cahuilla, Chumash, Pomo, Miwok, Yuki, Coos and Salinan people.

The Patwin were bordered by the Yuki in the northwest ; the Nomlaki ( Wintun ) in the north ; the Konkow ( Maiduan ) in northeast ; the Nisenan ( Maiduan ) and Plains Miwok in the east ; the Bay Miwok to the South ; the Coast Miwok in the southwest ; and the Wappo, Lake Miwok, and Pomo in the west.

The Wintu were in contact also with adjacent speakers of Hokan languages such as Southeastern, Eastern, and Northeastern Pomo ; Athabaskan languages such as Wailaki and Hupa ; Yukian languages such as Yuki and Wappo ; and other Penutian languages such as Miwok, Maidu, Yokuts, and Saclan.

At the time of the first European contact, Native American tribes included the Chumash, Maidu, Miwok, Modoc, Mohave, Ohlone, Pomo, Serrano, Shasta, Tataviam, Tongva, Wintu and Yurok.

The region of Sonoma was originally the home of Native American Coast Miwok tribes as well as the Pomo people and Wintuns.

Numerous Pomo tribes have been federally recognized.

In 1800 there were estimated to be 10, 000 to 18, 000 Pomo in total among 70 tribes speaking seven Pomo languages.

They slaughtered from 60-400 people, mostly women and children of the Clear Lake Pomo and neighboring tribes, on an island in Clear Lake.

The following historical list of Pomo villages and tribes is taken largely from John Wesley Powell, 1891:

Present-day Pomo tribes and communities, each described.

He describes the structural characteristics of California-Yuman music, including that of Pomo, Miwak, Luiseno, Catalineno, and Gabrielino, and the Yuman tribes, including, Mohave, Yuman, Havasupai, Maricopa, as using the rise in almost all songs, a relaxed nonpulsating vocal technique ( like European classical music ), a relatively large amount of isorhythmic material, some isorhythmic tendencies, simple rhythms, pentatonic scales without semitones, an average melodic range of an octave, sequence, and syncopated figures such as a sixteenth-note, eight-note, sixteenth-note figure.

The principal tribes living in this region included the Pomo, Coast Miwok, Wappo and Patwin, whose early peoples practiced certain forms of agriculture, but probably not involving the cultivation of grapes.

According to the Miwok tribes that lived in the valley, and the Pomo, it meant " valley of the moon " or " many moons ".

The earliest known human settlement of this site was by the Native American Coast Miwok and Pomo tribes.

At least two tribes, the Wanapum and the Pomo people, constructed tule houses as recently as the 1950s and still do for special occasions.

Prior to 1850, a Pomo settlement named Buldam was located near Mendocino on the north bank of the Big River.

The Pomo groups presently recognized by the United States are based in Sonoma, Lake, and Mendocino counties.

* 1850 – The Bloody Island Massacre takes place in Lake County, California, in which a large number of Pomo Indians in Lake County are slaughtered by a regiment of the United States Cavalry, led by Nathaniel Lyon.

According to some linguistic reconstructions, the Pomo people descend from the Hokan-speaking people in the Sonoma County, California region.

The Pomo who remained in the present-day Santa Rosa area of Sonoma County were often called Cainameros in regional history books from the time of Spanish and Mexican occupation.

Ironically, today the fastest-growing businesses around Lake County are the gambling casinos presently operated by four Pomo rancherias, with more casinos planned.

A Native American tribe, the Scotts Valley Band of Pomo Indians of Lake County, has proposed and received approval for Sugar Bowl Casino on a 28 acre (≈ 11 hectare ) site that they have purchased.

The Kashia Band of Pomo Indians of the Stewarts Point Rancheria is a federally recognized tribe of Pomo people in Sonoma County, California.

He was killed in 1850 in an uprising against him by a band of Pomo enslaved by Kelsey.

The historic Pomo territory in northern California was large, bordered by the Pacific Coast to the west, extending inland to Clear Lake, and mainly between Cleone and Duncans Point.

The people called Pomo were originally linked by location, language, and cultural expression.

He referred to the language by the name of one band from the Clear Lake Pomo.

The Pomo people participated in shamanism ; one form this took was the Kuksu religion that was held by people in Central and Northern California.

Recently, analysis of archaeological evidence has suggested that the indigenous historical economy observed by the Spanish at their arrival in the Pomo lands of central California may have first developed during the Mostin Culture period ( 8500-6300 BP ) in the Clear Lake Basin.

The Pomo suffered from infectious diseases brought in by new migrants, including measles and smallpox.

* Barrett, Samuel A. Ceremonies of the Pomo Indians, Published by University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnicity, July 6, 1917, Vol.

* Pomo Bear Doctors, by S. A. Barrett, 1917

A number of Pomo were enslaved and abused by settlers Andrew Kelsey, whose name is attached to the town of Kelseyville today, and Charles Stone.

Later, the Pomo were forced to live in small " rancherias " set aside by the federal government.

In addition to the native Clear Lake hitch Lavinia exilicauda ( called chi by the native Pomo ), the lake hosts Channel catfish, White catfish, Brown bullhead, crappie ( both black and white species ), and other native fish species, as well as Florida strain largemouth bass and carp placed by the Department of Fish and Game for sporting purposes.

These languages are spoken by Native American communities around and east of Mount Shasta, others near Lake Tahoe, the Pomo on the California coast, and the Yuman peoples along the lower Colorado River.

Regrettably, however, Barrett's geographical language names often lead those unfamiliar with the Pomoan languages to the misconception that they are dialects of a single " Pomo " language.

The town currently sits atop several sites of Pomo Indian villages, and arrowheads are found in gopher holes with some frequency in the less disturbed areas of town bordering the flood plain.

By the year 1877 ( possibly beginning with Powers ), the use of Pomo had been extended in English to mean the entire people known today as the Pomo.

The way of life of the Pomo changed with the arrival of Russians at Fort Ross ( 1812 to 1841 ) on the Pacific coastline, and Spanish missionaries and European-American colonists coming in from the south and east.

From 1891 to 1935, starting with National Thorn, the artist Grace Hudson painted over 600 portraits, mainly of Pomo individuals living near her in the Ukiah area.

Kuksu was shared with other indigenous ethnic groups of Central California, such as their neighbors the Miwok and Esselen, also Maidu, Pomo, and northernmost Yokuts.

Kuksu was shared with other indigenous ethnic groups of Central California, such as their neighbors the Pomo, also Maidu, Ohlone, Esselen, and northernmost Yokuts.

Varying forms of the Kuksu Cult were shared with other indigenous ethnic groups of Central California, such as their neighbors the northern Ohlone, Maidu, Patwin, Pomo, and Wappo.

Together with the surrounding settlement, Fort Ross was home to Russians ( during the 19th and early 20th century Russian subjects included Poles, Finns, Ukrainians, Estonians, and numerous other nationalities and ethnic groups of the Russian Empire ), as well as North Pacific Natives, Aleuts, Kashaya ( Pomo ), and Creoles.

Only Northeastern Pomo was not contiguous with the other Pomoan languages, being separated by an intervening region of Wintuan speakers.

Instead of considering it an indepenndent branch of the family, Halpern grouped it with the languages of Oswalt's " Western " branch, suggesting the possibility that Northeastern Pomo represents a recent migration of a Northern Pomo subgroup ( Halpern 1964 ; Golla 2011: 106-7 ).

In 1998, the association had been able to block a large winery expansion proposed by Kendall-Jackson, but in the dispute with the Pomo casino, federal and state laws granted the tribe the right to develop the land in any way they wished.

The Pomo originally lived off the natural resources of the land in Sanel Valley with deer, fish, acorns and berries.