The Egyptian Revolution of 2011, inspired by the recent revolution in Tunisia, forced the resignation of President Mubarak and the Military Junta that succeeded him abrogated the Constitution and promised free and fair elections under a new one.

In modern times, Pakistani scholar and professor Fazlur Rahman Malik has used the term to describe the struggle to establish " just moral-social order ", while President Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia has used it to describe the struggle for economic development in that country.

* 1969 – The first Prime Minister of Tunisia in twelve years, Bahi Ladgham, is appointed by President Habib Bourguiba.

* 1936 – Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, Tunisian politician, 2nd President of Tunisia

In the 1950s the President of Tunisia, Habib Bourguiba, criticized on pragmatic grounds the type of Arab nationalism then promoted by Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, which was a widely-popular ideology at the time in the Arabic-speaking countries.

** Habib Bourguiba, former President of Tunisia ( d. 2000 )

* September 3 – Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali, 2nd President of Tunisia

The politics of Tunisia function within a framework of a democratic constitutional republic, with a President serving as head of state, Prime Minister as head of government, a bicameral legislature and a court system influenced by French civil law.

In Tunisia, the President is elected to five-year terms.

Protests in 2010 – 2011 led to President Ben Ali fleeing Tunisia, his presidency being declared vacant by the Constitutional Council, and Fouad Mebazaa becoming acting President for up to 60 days.

In 1987 the departure from power in Tunisia of President Habib Bourguiba and his replacement by the more diplomatic Zine el Abidine Ben Ali brought the two nations closer again.

File: Bourguiba 1960. jpg | Habib Bourguiba, President for Life of Tunisia ( 1975 – 1987 )

Initially, the hijackers were granted safe passage to Tunisia, but U. S. President Ronald Reagan ordered a U. S. fighter plane to force the get-away plane to land at Naval Air Station Sigonella in Italy.

* Habib Bourguiba, Former President of Tunisia.

Most recently the protest movement that toppled President Mubarak of Egypt drew extensively on his ideas, as well as the youth movement in Tunisia and the earlier ones in the Eastern European color revolutions that had previously been inspired by Sharp's work.

Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (, ; born 3 September 1936 ) is a Tunisian political figure who was the second President of Tunisia from 1987 to 2011.

* Tunisia: President Ben Ali stresses need to intensify cooperation to combat terrorism

Habib Bourguiba ( Ḥabīb Būrqībah ; 3 August 1903 – 6 April 2000 ) was a Tunisian statesman, the Founder and the first President of the Republic of Tunisia from July 25, 1957 until 7 November 1987.

On November 7, 1987 Prime Minister Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, in a coup d ' état, declared President Habib Bourguiba impeached on medical grounds and constitutionally replaced him as President of Tunisia, on the basis of a strict reading of Article 57.

Bourguiba remained as President of Tunisia until November 7, 1987, when his newly-appointed Prime Minister and constitutional successor Zine El Abidine Ben Ali impeached him, claiming his old age and health reasons as certified by his own doctors made him unfit to govern.

Mohamed Ghannouchi ( Muhammad Al-Ghannushi ; born 18 August 1941 ) is the former Prime Minister of Tunisia and was self-proclaimed acting President of the country for a few hours starting 14 January 2011, under Article 56 of the Constitution of Tunisia.

On that same day, it was announced that Congress Speaker Fouad Mebazaa was taking the post of Acting President of Tunisia.

* 1970 – Vietnam War: U. S. President Richard M. Nixon formally authorizes American combat troops to fight communist sanctuaries in Cambodia.

The appointment of the governor is the responsibility of the government, head of the Board of Directors, with the approval of the President of the Republic ( formally a decree of the President ).

On August 10, 1972, President Richard M. Nixon formally transmitted the Biological Weapons Convention to the United States Senate for ratification.

At 3: 00 pm EDT on October 22, President Kennedy formally established the Executive Committee ( EXCOMM ) with National Security Action Memorandum ( NSAM ) 196.

A new Constitution was promulgated in 1947, and Chiang was formally elected by the National Assembly as the first term President of the Republic of China on May 20, 1948.

Chiang moved the government to Taipei, Taiwan, where he formally resumed duties as President of the Republic of China on March 1, 1950.

The Communist Party's power over the state formally ended that same year with the newly created Soviet Presidency, whose first and only President was Party General Secretary Gorbachev.

The highest-ranking official whose term unquestionably continued during the interim was Polk's Secretary of State, James Buchanan ( later elected President himself in 1856 ), whose term did not formally expire until his successor, John M. Clayton, took office on March 7.

* 1911 – Sun Yat-sen becomes the provisional President of the Republic of China ; he formally takes office on January 1, 1912.

Finland has a parliamentary system, even if the President of Finland is formally responsible for foreign policy.

The committee for the November 19 Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg invited President Lincoln: " It is the desire that, after the Oration, you, as Chief Executive of the nation, formally set apart these grounds to their sacred use by a few appropriate remarks.

This may even lead to an institutional variability, as in North Korea, where, after the presidency of party leader Kim Il-Sung, the office was vacant for years, the late president being granted the posthumous title ( akin to some ancient Far Eastern traditions to give posthumous names and titles to royalty ) of " Eternal President " ( while all substantive power, as party leader, itself not formally created for four years, was inherited by his son Kim Jong Il, initially without any formal office ) until it was formally replaced on 5 September 1998, for ceremonial purposes, by the office of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly, while the party leader's post as Chairman of the National Defense Commission was simultaneously declared " the highest post of the state ", not unlike Deng Xiaoping earlier in the People's Republic of China.

::: Where the institutions of the Republic, the independence of the Nation, the integrity of its territory or the fulfilment of its international commitments are under serious and immediate threat, and where the proper functioning of the constitutional public authorities is interrupted, the President of the Republic shall take measures required by these circumstances, after formally consulting the Prime Minister, the Presidents of the Houses of Parliament and the Constitutional Council. He shall address the Nation and inform it of such measures. The measures shall be designed to provide the constitutional public authorities as swiftly as possible, with the means to carry out their duties.

Sometimes a head of state assumes office as a state becomes legal and political reality, before a formal title for the highest office is determined ; thus in the since 1 January 1960 independent republic Cameroon ( Cameroun, a former French colony ), the first President, Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo, was at first not styled président but ' merely ' known as Chef d ' état ( literal French for ' Head of State ') until 5 May 1960 ; in Uganda, military coup leader since 25 January 1971 Idi Amin was formally styled military head of State till 21 February 1971, only from then on regular ( but unconstitutional, not elected ) President.

General Suharto politically outmanoeuvred President Sukarno, and was formally appointed president in March 1968.

* 1971 – Right to vote: the Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, lowering the voting age from 21 to 18 years, is formally certified by President Richard Nixon.

At an event on June 27, 2008 in Unity, New Hampshire, Lynch formally endorsed Barack Obama for President ,.

On October 14, Moi became President formally after he was elected head of KANU and designated its sole nominee.

On 4 October 1992, the Rome General Peace Accords, negotiated by the Community of Sant ' Egidio with the support of the United Nations, were signed in Rome between President Chissano and RENAMO leader Afonso Dhlakama, which formally took effect on the October 15, 1992.

After being confirmed by the U. S. Senate in late June, Derek Mitchell, the first U. S ambassador to Myanmar in 22 year formally assumed his job on July 11, 2012 by presenting his credentials to President Thein Sein at the presidential mansion in the capital Naypyitaw.

* 1953 – Cold War: U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally approves the top secret document National Security Council Paper No. 162 / 2, which states that the United States ' arsenal of nuclear weapons must be maintained and expanded to counter the communist threat.

After his resignation, Musharraf formally appointed himself as President on 20 June 2001.