Arminianism is based on the theological ideas of the Dutch Reformed theologian Jacobus Arminius ( 1560 – 1609 ) and his historic supporters known as the Remonstrants and is known as a soteriological sect of Protestant Christianity.

This traditional attribution of the Creed to Athanasius was first called into question in 1642 by Dutch Protestant theologian G. J.

Not only did he fight for the Protestant cause as a preacher and theologian, but he was almost the only member of Luther's party who was able to confront the Roman Catholics with the weapon of literary satire.

The German Protestant theologian Martin Luther saw a parallel between Paul and Christ in their work of reconciliation, which is also in fact contained within the concept of Christian Grace.

John Calvin (, born: 10 July 150927 May 1564 ) was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation.

Servetus was a Spanish physician and Protestant theologian who boldly criticised the doctrine of the Trinity and paedobaptism ( infant baptism ).

Caspar ( or Kaspar ) Schwen ( c ) kfeld von Ossig ( 1489 or 1490 – 10 December 1561, Ulm ) was a German theologian, writer, and preacher who became a Protestant Reformer and spiritualist, one of the earliest promoters of the Protestant Reformation in Silesia.

Moïse Amyraut, Latin Moyses Amyraldus ( Bourgueil, September 1596 – January 8, 1664 ), in English texts often Moses Amyraut, was a French Protestant theologian and metaphysician.

Nicolaus von Amsdorf ( 3 December 1483 – 14 May 1565 ) was a German theologian and Protestant reformer.

Such exemplary saints include martyrs, confessors of the Faith, evangelists, or important biblical figures such as Saint Matthew, the Lutheran theologian and martyr to the Nazis, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Salvation Army Founder William Booth, African missionary David Livingstone and Methodism's revered founder John Wesley are among many cited as Protestant saints.

** German Protestant theologian Gerhard Kittel is arrested by the French forces in Tübingen, Germany.

** Karl Barth, German Protestant theologian ( b. 1888 )

* February 9 – Langdon Brown Gilkey, American Protestant ecumenical theologian ( d. 2004 )

* November 28 – Georg Major, German Protestant theologian ( b. 1502 )

** Karl Barth, Swiss Protestant theologian ( d. 1968 )

** Moses Amyraut, French Protestant theologian ( d. 1664 )

* June 19 – Philipp van Limborch, Dutch Protestant theologian ( d. 1712 )

* December 19 – Andreas Osiander, German Protestant theologian ( d. 1552 )

* August 10 – Kaspar Olevianus, German Protestant theologian ( d. 1587 )

* April 30 – Philipp van Limborch, Dutch Protestant theologian ( b. 1633 )

* May 14 – Lelio Sozzini, Italian Protestant theologian ( b. 1525 )

* October 17 – Andreas Osiander, German Protestant theologian ( b. 1498 )

Philipp Melanchthon ( February 16, 1497 – April 19, 1560 ), born Philipp Schwartzerdt, was a German reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and an influential designer of educational systems.

Roger Williams ( c. 1603 – between January and March 1683 ) was an English Protestant theologian who was an early proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state.

Thus, there was seen a need for a new law that would ensure the continuance of the succession following the death of the last legal heir under the Bill of Rights, being Princess Anne, guaranteeing the line of succession would continue in the Protestant line, and excluding any possible claims by the deposed James II or his son and daughter, James Francis Edward and Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart.

Francis I generally opposed a general council due to partial support of the Protestant cause within France, and in 1533 he further complicated matters when suggesting a general council to include both Catholic and Protestant rulers of Europe that would devise a compromise between the two theological systems.

Renewed Catholic reaction – headed by the powerful Francis, Duke of Guise – led to a massacre of Huguenots at Vassy in 1562, starting the first of the French Wars of Religion, during which English, German, and Spanish forces intervened on the side of rival Protestant and Catholic forces.

Mary I died in 1558, and she was succeeded by her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth I. Walsingham returned to England, and through the support of one of his fellow former exiles, Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford, he was elected to Elizabeth's first parliament as the member for Bossiney, Cornwall, in 1559

During the Wars of Religion in the 16th century between the Catholic Habsburg Dynasty and the newly Protestant states, England under Elizabeth I built up a strong naval force, designed to carry out long range privateering or piracy missions against the Spanish Empire, exemplified by the exploits of Francis Drake.

* Francis Joseph Hall, was an American Protestant Episcopal theologian and author.

Protestant ideas were first introduced to France during the reign of Francis I ( 1515 – 47 ) in the form of Lutheranism, the teachings of Martin Luther, and circulated unimpeded for more than a year around Paris.

Francis Schaeffer is credited with helping spark a return to political activism among Protestant evangelicals and fundamentalists in the late 1970s and early 1980s, especially in relation to the issue of abortion.

:" Francis Schaeffer is widely credited with providing the impetus for Protestant evangelical political action against abortion.

It has been contended by Heinrich Graetz, and also by Francis Yates that this affair helped spark the Protestant Reformation.

In 1535 he entered into a correspondence with Francis I as to the possibility of a reconciliation between the Catholic and Protestant creeds ; and in 1568 Maximilian II sent for him to Vienna to consult him on the same subject.

Loftus was returned, along with Sir Francis Rushe, as member for the King's County in the parliament of 1613, more apparently by the act of the sheriff than by the choice of the freeholders, and he was one of the Protestant majority who made Sir John Davies speaker.

Following the birth of the Catholic James II's only son James Francis Edward Stuart (" The Old Pretender "), the English establishment determined to avoid the possibility of a Catholic dynasty on the English throne by engineering the Glorious Revolution, when the throne was offered to the older of James's two Protestant daughters from his first marriage and her husband, the Stadhouder of Holland, who uniquely reigned as co-monarchs, William III ( 1688 – 1702 ) and Mary II ( 1688 – 1694 ).

In 1688, when the birth of James Francis Edward Stuart heralded a Catholic succession, James II was overthrown in a coup d ' état by William of Orange in the Glorious Revolution at the invitation of the disaffected Protestant Establishment.

Suleiman the Magnificent had intervened diplomatically in favour of the rapprochement, and is known to have sent at least one letter to the Protestant princes of Germany to encourage them to ally with Francis I against Charles V.

After Charles made peace with Francis, he focused on suppressing Protestant resistance within his empire.

When the rebellion of 1715 broke out, he refused to sign the paper in which the bishops of the province of Canterbury declared their attachment to the Protestant accession, and in 1717, after having been long in indirect communication with the exiled family, he began to correspond directly with James Francis Edward Stuart.

Francis Beaufort was descended from the French Protestant Huguenots, who fled the French Wars of Religion in the 1500s.

Sir Francis Beaufort's father, Daniel Augustus Beaufort, was a Protestant clergyman in Navan, County Meath, Ireland, and a member of the learned Royal Irish Academy.

However, at the death in 1584 of Francis, Duke of Anjou, the king's brother ( which left Henry of Navarre, the Protestant champion, as heir-male ), Guise concluded the Treaty of Joinville with Philip II of Spain.

Parliament then offered the Crown to his Protestant daughter Mary, instead of his son ( James Francis Edward Stuart ).

Renée de France by François ClouetRenée was not only in correspondence with a very large number of Protestants abroad, with intellectual sympathizers like Vergerio, Camillo Renato, Giulio di Milano, and Francis Dryander, but also that on two or three occasions, about 1550 or later, she partook of the Eucharist in the Protestant manner together with her daughters and fellow believers.

His power, indeed, was broken by the death of his nephew Francis II, in December, 1560, so that Renée became enabled not only to provide Protestant worship at her estate, Montargis, engaging a capable preacher by application to Calvin, but also generally to minister as benefactress of the surrounding Protestants.