Clausewitz's father was once a lieutenant in the Prussian army and held a minor post in the Prussian internal revenue service.

Clausewitz served in the Rhine Campaigns ( 1793 – 1794 ) including the Siege of Mainz, when the Prussian army invaded France during the French Revolution, and served in the Napoleonic Wars from 1806 to 1815.

Clausewitz, Hermann von Boyen ( 1771 – 1848 ) and Karl von Grolman ( 1777 – 1843 ) were Scharnhorst's primary allies in his efforts to reform the Prussian army between 1807 and 1814.

At the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt on October 14, 1806 – when Napoleon invaded Prussia and defeated the massed Prussian-Saxon army commanded by Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick – he was captured, one of the 25, 000 prisoners captured that day as the Prussian army disintegrated.

Returning to Prussia, he assisted in the reform of the Prussian army and state.

Opposed to Prussia's enforced alliance with Napoleon I, he left the Prussian army and served in the Russian army from 1812 to 1813 during the Russian Campaign, including the Battle of Borodino.

The Prussians were defeated at Ligny ( south of Mont-Saint-Jean and the village of Waterloo ) by an army led personally by Napoleon, but Napoleon's failure to destroy the Prussian forces led to his defeat a few days later at the Battle of Waterloo, when the Prussian forces unexpectedly arrived on his right flank late in the afternoon to support the Anglo-Dutch forces pressing his front.

At the Battle of Gravelotte, they formed the extreme left of the German army, and with the Prussian Guard carried out the attack on St Privat, the final and decisive action in the battle.

In the re-organisation of the army which accompanied the march towards Paris the Crown Prince gained a separate command over the 4th army ( Army of the Meuse ) consisting of the Saxons, the Prussian Guard corps, and the IV ( Prussian Saxony ) corps.

The invading Prussian army faced little resistance until checked at the Battle of Valmy ( 20 September 1792 ), and forced to withdraw.

The disaster at Jena in 1806, in which Napoleon completely crushed the Prussian army, drove him to Königsberg for a time, but he returned to Berlin in 1807 and continued his literary activity.

He returned to France on 1 March 1815 ( see Hundred Days ), raised an army, but was comprehensively defeated by a British and Prussian force at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815.

Germany's nobles, especially those in the East – called Junkers – dominated not only the localities, but also the Prussian court, and especially the Prussian army.

Its economy was weak, its leadership poor, and the once mighty Prussian army was a hollow shell.

The Prussian breech-loading needle guns carried the day over the slow muzzle-loading rifles of the Austrians, who lost a quarter of their army in the battle.

The starving city surrendered in January 1871, and the Prussian army staged a victory parade in it.

With the Prussian army entering France, more doubts were raised against the aristocracy, and these tensions climaxed during the September Massacres.

With the establishment of a German state in Prussia, and the eradication or flight of much of the Baltic Prussian population in the 13th century, the remaining Prussians began to be assimilated, and by the end of the 17th century, the Prussian language had become extinct.

He died after commanding the Prussian army's efforts to construct a cordon sanitaire to contain the great cholera outbreak in 1831 ( the first time cholera had appeared in Europe, causing a continent-wide panic ).

At this time the Piast duke Konrad I of Masovia with the consent of Pope Innocent III had started the first of several unsuccessful Prussian Crusades into the adjacent Chełmno Land and Christian acted as a missionary among the Prussians east of the Vistula River.

The attempts by Konrad of Masovia to subdue the Prussian lands had picked long-term and intense border quarrels, whereby the Polish lands of Masovia, Cuyavia and even Greater Poland became subject to continuous Prussian raids.

Earlier dragoon responsibilities for scouting and picket duty had passed to hussars and similar light cavalry corps in the French, Austrian, Prussian, and other armies.

While the states issued their own decorations, and some had their own armies, the military forces of the smaller ones were put under Prussian control.

As early as 1935, however, a Prussian administrative court had ruled that the Gestapo's actions were not subject to judicial review.

Increasingly after 1815, a centralized Prussian government based in Berlin took over the powers of the nobles, which in terms of control over the peasantry had been almost absolute.

On 30 November 1933, Göring had established a Prussian police force, called the Geheime Staatspolizei or Gestapo, and appointed Rudolf Diels as its head.

By the 1226 Golden Bull of Rimini, Frederick had assigned the military order of the Teutonic Knights to complete the conquest and conversion of the Prussian lands.

Cologne's city council and the Prussian parliament had been dissolved ; on 4 April 1933, he was officially dismissed as mayor and his bank accounts frozen.

Adenauer was imprisoned for two days after the Night of the Long Knives on the 30th June 1934, but already on the 10th of August 1934, maneuvering for his pension, he wrote a 10-page letter to Hermann Göring ( the Prussian interior minister ) stating among other things that as a mayor he had even violated Prussian laws in order to allow NSDAP events in public buildings and Nazi flags to be flown from city flagpoles, and added that in 1932 he had declared publicly that the Nazis should join the Reich government in a leading role.

It existed between 1871 and 1919, growing out of the small Prussian Navy and Norddeutsche Bundesmarine, which primarily had the mission of coastal defense.

In 1937 the Nazis passed the so-called Greater Hamburg Act, whereby the nearby Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg was expanded, to encompass towns that had formally belonged to the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein.

From 1609 onwards, they had a territorial base in the vicinity, the Duchy of Cleves, the starting-point of the future Prussian Rhineland.

Luxembourg, somewhat diminished in size ( as the medieval lands had been slightly reduced by the French and Prussian heirs ), was augmented in another way through the elevation to the status of grand duchy and placed under the rule of William I of the Netherlands.

This was the first time that the duchy had a monarch who had no claim to inheritance of the medieval patrimony ( as lineages through his mother and wife had a better entitled claimant, the Prussian king himself ).

William III, king of the Netherlands, which still had sovereignty over Luxembourg, was willing to sell the grand duchy to France's Emperor Napoleon III in order to retain Limbourg but backed out when Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck expressed opposition.

Moltke had indeed massed three armies in the area — the Prussian First Army with 50, 000 men, commanded by General Karl Von Steinmetz opposite Saarlouis, the Prussian Second Army with 134, 000 men commanded by Prince Friedrich Karl opposite the line Forbach – Spicheren, and the Prussian Third Army with 120, 000 men commanded by Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm, poised to cross the border at Wissembourg.

Napoleon masked Wellington and massed against the Prussian army, and then after the Battle of Ligny was won, Napoleon attempted to do the same to the Allied / British army located just to the south of Waterloo.

At 15: 00, the massed guns of the Prussian VII and VIII Corps opened fire to support the attack.

Prussia and Russia mobilized for a fresh campaign, and Prussian troops massed in Saxony.

In 1838 he was appointed by the Prussian government director-general of all the guards ' bands, and in recognition of the magnificent performance by massed bands on the occasion of the emperor Nicholas I's visit the same year, was awarded a special uniform.

Around 890, Wulfstan of Hedeby undertook a journey from Hedeby on Jutland along the Baltic Sea to the Prussian trading town of Truso.

It was regarded as a Protestant custom by the Roman Catholic majority along the lower Rhine, and was spread there only by Prussian officials who were moved there in the wake of the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

Those of the larger states, such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony, were coordinated along Prussian principles and would in wartime be controlled by the federal government.

When the Brunswick Manifesto of July 1792 once more threatened the French population with Austrian ( Imperial ) and Prussian attacks, Louis XVI was suspected of treason and taken along with his family from the Tuileries Palace in August 1792 by insurgents supported by a new revolutionary Paris Commune.

* 1870 – Marshal François Achille Bazaine surrenders to Prussian forces at Metz along with 140, 000 French soldiers in one of the biggest French defeats of the Franco-Prussian War.

In 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles the area of Eupen-Malmedy, along with Prussian Moresnet, was transferred from Germany to Belgium.

Frederick II of Prussia was elated with his success ; Prussia took most of the Polish Royal Prussia that stood between its possessions in the Kingdom of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg, taking Ermland ( Warmia ), Royal Prussia without the city of Danzig ( Gdańsk ) ( which in 1773 became a new province called West Prussia ), northern areas of Greater Poland along the Noteć River ( the Netze District ), and parts of Kuyavia, ( also the Prussian city of Thorn ).

Polish soldiers advanced east along the former Prussian Eastern Railway to railroad crossroads 7 kilometres from the town of Chojnice ( Konitz ) where elements of the Polish cavalry attacked and dispersed the German infantry battalion.

The Austrian commander, the Duke of Arenberg, proposed to follow the Neckar and march towards Bavaria, but King George feared a Prussian attack on Hanover and decided to march along the north bank of the Main, keeping all options open.

With the coming in 1777 of General von Steuben, the training and discipline along Prussian lines began, and the Continental Army began to evolve into a modern force.

In 1928, under the Prussian local government reforms, the cities of Gelsenkirchen and Buer along with the Amt of Horst together became a new kreisfreie Stadt called Gelsenkirchen-Buer, effective as of 1 April that year.

But the Prussian 3rd Army advance was incredible ; in less than 3 weeks the army covered over 325 km, and intercepted the French army along the Meuse River, and for three days battled it ( 29 to 31 August ), forcing the French to fall to Sedan.

At the outset of the war in June, the Prussian armies were gathered along the Prussian border: the Army of the Elbe under Karl Herwarth von Bittenfeld at Torgau, the First Army under Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia between Senftenberg and Görlitz, and the Second Army under Crown Prince Friedrich in Silesia west of Neiße ( Nysa ).

The Prussian king ordered all remaining forces into the attack all along the line, which had been slowed by the final counter-attack from the battalions of Brigadier General Ferdinand Rosenzweig von Dreuwehr's Austrian brigade.

From 1837-1840, he collaborated with Horace Mann to develop public education in Massachusetts along the lines of the Prussian model.

After losing two wars within twenty years, the United States begins an alliance with the strengthening German Empire ( formed in 1871 ), and will eventually start to reform itself along Prussian lines.

With minor variations, the Curzon line lay approximately along the border which was established between the Prussian Kingdom and the Russian Empire in 1797, after the third partition of Poland, which was the last border recognised by the United Kingdom.

At this time, Eugène, along with 20 squadrons of Prussian cavalry, moved across the river, and occupied crucial positions.

After the First Silesian War in 1742, the town, along with most of Silesia, found itself in the expanding Prussian Kingdom.

The Netze District was a territory created by the Prussian administration along the river in the Kingdom of Prussia from 1772 to 1793, after the First Partition of Poland.

In 1945, Hesse-Darmstadt was united with most of the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, which included the former Hesse-Kassel along with Nassau and the formerly Free City of Frankfurt, to form the federal state of Hesse.

As chief of engineers, and a member of the reorganizing committee, he played a great part, along with Scharnhorst, in the work of reconstructing the Prussian army.

The province comprised two spatially separated areas, stretching from the Prussian Province of Pomerania and the " Polish Corridor " in the north along the eastern border of the Province of Brandenburg to the Silesia Province in the south.