* 1817 – In Germany, Gustav von Below, an aristocratic officer of the Prussian Guard, and his brothers, founded a charismatic movement based on their estates in Pomerania, which may have included speaking in tongues.

He was also given a cash grant by the Prussian Landtag, which he used to buy a new country estate, Varzin, larger than his existing estates combined.

After about three decades of growing discontent, the Prussian leaders ( see Prussian estates ) organized themselves to oppose the rule of the order more effectively.

Royal Prussia possessed certain privileges such as the minting of its own coins, its own Diet meetings ( see the Prussian estates ), its own military, and its own administrative usage of the German language.

After the Danish crown lost Lauenburg in the Second Schleswig War ( 1864 ), Lauenburg's estates of the realm offered the dukedom to the Prussian Hohenzollern dynasty in personal union, who accepted in 1865.

Paul spent the following years away from the Imperial Court, contented to remain at his private estates at Gatchina with his growing family and to perform Prussian drill-exercises.

On 10 December 1525, at their session in Königsberg, the Prussian estates established the Lutheran Church in Ducal Prussia by deciding the Church Order.

In gratitude for his victories in 1814, Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III created Blücher Prince of Wahlstatt and awarded him estates near Krieblowitz ( now Krobielowice, Poland ) in Lower Silesia.

In 1817 he was appointed a member of the commission for organizing the Prussian provincial estates, and also a member of the department of justice in the (" State council "), and in 1819 he became a member of the supreme court of appeal for the Rhine Provinces.

The Caps had short shrift, and the joint note which the Russian, Prussian and Danish ministers presented to the estates protesting, in menacing terms, against any " reprisals " on the part of the triumphant faction, only hastened the fall of the government.

As in Brandenburg, Frederick William ignored the privilege of the Prussian estates to confirm or veto taxes raised by the elector: while in 1656, an Akzise was raised with the estates ' consent, the elector by force collected taxes not approved by the Prussian estates for the first time in 1674.

Since 1704, the Prussian estates had de facto relinquished their right to approve the elector's taxes while formally still entitled to do so.

Being the bulwark of the ruling House of Hohenzollern, the Junkers controlled the Prussian Army, leading in political influence and social status, and owning immense estates, especially in the north-eastern half of Germany ( i. e. the Prussian provinces of Brandenburg, Pomerania, Silesia, West Prussia, East Prussia and Posen ).

See also Prussian estates.

On 10 December 1525, at their session in Königsberg, the Prussian estates established the Lutheran Church in Ducal Prussia by deciding the Church Order.

Ancillon had convinced himself that the rigid class distinctions of the Prussian system were the philosophically ideal basis of the state, and that representation " by estates " was the only sound constitutional principle ; his last and indeed only act of importance as minister was his collaboration with Metternich in the Vienna Final Act of 12 June 1834, the object of which was to rivet this system upon Germany forever.

Although born in Italy, Trenk was actually a Prussian with Austrian citizenship, and with large estates in Croatia, more precisely Slavonia.

At restructuring part of the debts in 1818 by a £ 5 million loan (= thaler 30 million ) at 5 % at the London financial market the Prussian government had to accept a disagio of 28⅓ %, thus paying an annual effective rate of 6. 98 %.

The school soon was attended also by numerous German children of school fee paying Prussian nobles and officials, and developed into an elite school.

In his chief's most important work, the establishment of the Prussian Zollverein, Ancillon had no share, while the entirely subordinate role played by Prussia in Europe during this period, together with the personal part taken by the sovereign in the various congresses, gave him little scope for the display of any diplomatic talents he may have possessed.

He became colonel of a Prussian regiment in 1693, and in the same year inherited his own principality ; for the remainder of his long life, he performed the duties of a sovereign prince and a Prussian officer simultaneously.

Meckel especially reinforced Hermann Roesler's ideal of subservience to the Emperor by teaching his pupils that Prussian military success was a consequence of the officer class's unswerving loyalty to their sovereign Emperor, as expressly codified in Articles XI-XIII of the Meiji Constitution.

For a Prussian official to venture to give uncalled-for advice to his sovereign was a breach of propriety not calculated to increase his chances of favor ; but it gave Gentz a conspicuous position in the public eye, which his brilliant talents and literary style enabled him to maintain.

With the coronation of Frederick I in 1701 as king ( in Königsberg ), Berlin became the new capital of the Kingdom of Prussia ( instead of Königsberg ); this was a successful attempt to centralize the capital in the very outspread Prussian Kingdom, and it was the first time the city began to grow.

* 1757 – Seven Years ' War: Battle of Leuthen – Frederick II of Prussia leads Prussian forces to a decisive victory over Austrian forces under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine.

When the Austro-Prussian War broke out in 1866, Albert then Crown Prince ( German: Kronprinz ), took up the command of the Saxon forces opposing the Prussian Army of Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia.

The May Uprising was crushed by Saxon and Prussian troops and Frederick was able to return after only a few days.

Die Proklamation des Deutschen Kaiserreiches by Anton von Werner ( 1877 ), depicting the proclamation of the foundation of the German Reich ( 18 January 1871, Palace of Versailles ). Left, on the podium ( in black ): Crown Prince Frederick ( later Frederick III, German Emperor | Frederick III ), his father Emperor William I, German Emperor | William I, and Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden | Frederick I of Baden, proposing a toast to the new emperor. Centre ( in white ): Otto von Bismarck, first Chancellor of Germany, Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, Prussian Chief of Staff.

By the 1226 Golden Bull of Rimini, Frederick had assigned the military order of the Teutonic Knights to complete the conquest and conversion of the Prussian lands.

* 1757 – Battle of Kolín between Prussian forces under Frederick the Great and an Austrian army under the command of Field Marshal Count Leopold Joseph von Daun in the Seven Years ' War.

The King's brother Prince William ( the future King and Emperor William I ) had fled to England, and Bismarck intrigued with William's wife Augusta to place their teenage son ( the future Frederick III ) on the Prussian throne in King Frederick William IV's place — Augusta would have none of it, and detested Bismarck thereafter, although Bismarck did later help to restore a working relationship between the King and his brother, who were on poor terms.

Frederick William IV introduced the Pickelhaube for use by the majority of Prussian infantry on October 23, 1842 by a royal cabinet order.

Upon Sophia's death, her eldest son Elector George Louis of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( 1660 – 1727 ) became heir presumptive in her place, and weeks later, succeeded Queen Anne as George I. Sophia's daughter Sophia Charlotte of Hanover ( 1668 – 1705 ) married Frederick I of Prussia, from whom the later Prussian Kings descend.

In 1742, most of Silesia was seized by King Frederick the Great of Prussia in the War of the Austrian Succession and subsequently made the Prussian Province of Silesia.

In 1732 King Frederick William I of Prussia used these horses and other imports to establish the Trakehnen Stud at the East Prussian town Trakehnen ( now Yasnaya Polyana, Russia ).

** Seven Years ' War – Battle of Leuthen: Frederick defeats Prince Charles's Austrian army in what is generally considered the Prussian king's greatest tactical victory.

Frederick II of Prussia was elated with his success ; Prussia took most of the Polish Royal Prussia that stood between its possessions in the Kingdom of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg, taking Ermland ( Warmia ), Royal Prussia without the city of Danzig ( Gdańsk ) ( which in 1773 became a new province called West Prussia ), northern areas of Greater Poland along the Noteć River ( the Netze District ), and parts of Kuyavia, ( also the Prussian city of Thorn ).

Frederick acted on the defensive with consummate skill, and the capture of the Prussian fortress of Kolberg on Christmas Day 1761, by Rumyantsev, was the sole Russian success.

On June 6, 1849 Prussian authorities issued an arrest warrant for Frederick Engels which contained a physical description as " height: 5 feet 6 inches ; hair: blond ; forehead: smooth ; eyebrows: blond ; eyes: blue ; nose and mouth: well proportioned ; beard: reddish ; chin: oval ; face: oval ; complexion: healthy ; figure: slender.

Separated from Prussia, whose state and army leadership withdrew headlong to the east, left without any information concerning Prussian intentions, and with Napoleon ’ s troops about to occupy Saxony, Frederick Augustus had to conclude peace.

Frederick Augustus delayed his agreement to the division of his country after he was released from a Prussian prison in February 1815.

Examples include Wittenberg, the old capital of the Saxon Elector State during the Holy Roman Empire, and seat of the National University made famous by Martin Luther and Melanchthon ( which was already done away with in 1817 by means of a merger with the Prussian University of Halle ), and Torgau, birthplace and place of residence of the Elector Frederick the Wise, which was incorporated into one of the new hybrids created by Prussia under the name Province of Saxony.

At the behest of the Prussian king, Blücher was to discharge the soldiers who came from the annexed territories, but Frederick Augustus ’ men had not yet made their departure, and the Saxon soldiers rioted over it.