The RAND Corporation's Memorandum 5446-ISA / ARPA states: " the fact that the VC obtain most of their food from the neutral rural population dictates the destruction of civilian crops ... if they ( the VC ) are to be hampered by the crop destruction program, it will be necessary to destroy large portions of the rural economy – probably 50 % or more ".

It also introduces the concept of a Delphi pool, perhaps derived from the RAND Corporation's Delphi method-a futures market on world events which bears close resemblance to DARPA's controversial and cancelled Policy Analysis Market.

Khalilzad also currently serves as a Counselor at the Center for Strategic International Studies ( CSIS ) and sits on the Boards of the National Endowment for Democracy ( NED ), America Abroad Media ( AAM ), the RAND Corporation's Middle East Studies Center, the American University of Iraq in Suleymania ( AUIS ), and the American University of Afghanistan ( AUAF ).

While they were more reliable and faster than the Williams tube, that cost and the lack of availability, meant they were used only in one computer: the RAND Corporation's JOHNNIAC.

He produced one of the second large collections of random digits ( 100, 000 in total, over twice as many as those published by L. H. C. Tippett in 1927 ), which was a commonly used tract until the publication of RAND Corporation's A Million Random Digits with 100, 000 Normal Deviates in 1955 ( which was developed with a roulette wheel-like machine very similar to Kendall's and verified as " random " using his statistical tests ).

As part of collection of studies conducted under the auspices of the RAND Corporation ’ s Center for Middle East Public Policy, the Palestinian Arc study has by far received the most notoriety and broad acceptance from Palestinians, Israelis, Europeans, Americans, and across the Middle East.

The Arc is based on RAND ’ s comprehensive assessment of Palestinian statehood, including its governance, internal security, demography, water, health, education and economy.

RAND has estimated that building the core elements of the Arc ( the rail, road, and transport infrastructure ) would cost about $ 8 billion.

" While at RAND, Khalilzad also had a brief stint consulting for Cambridge Energy Research Associates, which at the time was conducting a risk analysis for Unocal, now part of Chevron, for a proposed 1, 400 km ( 890 mile ), $ 2-billion, 622 m³ / s ( 22, 000 ft³ / s ) Trans-Afghanistan gas pipeline project which would have extended from Turkmenistan to Afghanistan and further proceeding to Pakistan.

The CSNET project had three primary components: an email relaying service ( Delaware and RAND ), a name service ( Wisconsin ), and TCP / IP-over-X. 25 tunnelling technology ( Purdue ).

Netwar is a term developed by RAND researchers John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt to describe an emergent form of low intensity conflict, crime, and activism waged by social networked actors.

Notable contributions were made by George Dantzig, Delbert Ray Fulkerson and Selmer M. Johnson at the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, who expressed the problem as an integer linear program and developed the cutting plane method for its solution.

Baran developed the concept of message block switching during his research at the RAND Corporation for the US Air Force into survivable communications networks, first presented to the Air Force in the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265 then published as RAND Paper P-2626 in 1962 and then including and expanding somewhat within a series of eleven papers titled On Distributed Communications in 1964.

JOSS I, developed by J. Clifford Shaw at RAND was first implemented, in beta form, on the JOHNNIAC computer in May 1963.

* Delphi method — developed by RAND for USAF

To combat these shortcomings, the Delphi method was developed by Project RAND during the 1950-1960s ( 1959 ) by Olaf Helmer, Norman Dalkey, and Nicholas Rescher.

Most authors attribute the introduction of scenario planning to Herman Kahn through his work for the US Military in the 1950s at the RAND corporation where he developed a technique of describing the future in stories as if written by people in the future.

From 1949 Bellman worked for many years at RAND corporation and it was during this time that he developed dynamic programming.

MH was proposed by R Stockton Gaines and Norman Shapiro and developed by Bruce S. Borden and others at RAND Corporation.

It was an interactive, conversational language based on JOSS, developed by BBN after Cliff Shaw from RAND visited the labs in 1964 as part of the NIH survey.

He is best known for the class of statistically " fluctuating target " scattering models he developed at the RAND Corporation in the early 1950s to characterize the performance of pulsed radar systems, referred to as Swerling Target I, II, III, and IV in the literature of radar.

It derives from the Delphi method which was developed in the 1950-1960s at the RAND Corporation as a forecasting tool.

He was, and is, with the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit pool of thinkers financed by the U.S. Air Force.

" In joint scientific efforts extending over twenty years, initially in collaboration with J. C. ( Cliff ) Shaw at the RAND Corporation, and subsequentially with numerous faculty and student colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University, they have made basic contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing.

The Institute was founded in 1972, when packet switching pioneer Keith Uncapher left RAND Corporation with backing from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

Thus their definition of " liberal " includes the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit research organization with strong ties to the Defense Department.

In 1947, the RAND Corporation generated numbers by the electronic simulation of a roulette wheel ; the results were eventually published in 1955 as A Million Random Digits with 100, 000 Normal Deviates.

In May, 1946, Project RAND had released the Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship, which stated, " A satellite vehicle with appropriate instrumentation can be expected to be one of the most potent scientific tools of the Twentieth Century.

Microsoft. NET " Framework " architecture is essentially " Middleware " with typical middleware functions distributed between the various products, with most inter-computer interaction by industry standards, open APIs or RAND software licence.

Some tablets, especially inexpensive ones aimed at young children, come with a corded stylus, using technology similar to older RAND tablets, although this design is no longer used on any normal tablets.

In late 1969 — with the assistance of his former RAND Corporation colleague Anthony Russo and the staff of Senator Edward Kennedy — Ellsberg secretly made several sets of photocopies of the classified documents to which he had access ; these later became known as the Pentagon Papers.

The movie, in which he is portrayed by James Spader, documents Ellsberg's life, starting with his work for RAND Corp and ending with the day on which the judge declared his espionage trial a mistrial.

On 29 April 1947 RAND Corporation began generating random digits with an " electronic roulette wheel ", consisting of a random frequency pulse source of about 100, 000 pulses per second gated once per second with a constant frequency pulse and fed into a five-bit binary counter.

The results of a long run from the RAND machine, carefully filtered and tested, were converted into a table, which was published in 1955 in the book A Million Random Digits with 100, 000 Normal Deviates.

Like the W3C, which requires participants to offer royalty-free licenses to anyone using the resulting standard, OASIS offers a similar Royalty Free on Limited Terms mode, along with a Royalty Free on RAND Terms mode and a RAND ( reasonable and non-discriminatory ) mode for its committees.

Khalilzad received his PhD at the University of Chicago in The United States, where he studied closely with strategic thinker Albert Wohlstetter, a prominent nuclear deterrence thinker and strategist, who provided Zalmay with contacts in the government and with RAND.

From 1951 to 1963, he served first as a consultant and later as a senior policy analyst for the RAND Corporation, and maintained his affiliation with RAND for years afterward.

RAND strategist Herman Kahn, collaborating with risk analyst Ian Harold Brown, proposed a " Doomsday Machine " in the 1950s that would consist of a computer linked to a stockpile of hydrogen bombs, programmed to detonate them all and bathe the planet in nuclear fallout at the signal of an impending nuclear attack from another nation.

Studies carried out from the 1990s through 2011 by researchers from Columbia U, Computing Research Association ( CRA ), Duke U, Georgetown U, Harvard U, National Research Council of the NAS, RAND Corporation, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rutgers U, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Stanford U, SUNY Buffalo, UC Davis, UPenn Wharton School, Urban Institute, and US Dept.

The Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship was a 1946 proposal, by Project RAND, for a United States satellite program.

* May – The RAND Corporation is established as an independent nonprofit policy research and analysis institution.

Better known ( and often mis-stated as the first digitizer tablet ) is the RAND Tablet also known as the Grafacon ( for Graphic Converter ), introduced in 1964.

Daniel Ellsberg ( born April 7, 1931 ) is a former United States military analyst who, while employed by the RAND Corporation, precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of U. S. government decision-making in relation to the Vietnam War, to The New York Times and other newspapers.

The RAND book is still in print, and remains an important source of random numbers.

He is a former member of the RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy and the Council on Foreign Relations, and is the Distinguished Lecturer on the Middle East at the University of Mississippi.

Carlucci is a member of the Board of Trustees of the RAND Corporation and founding co-chair of the Advisory Board for RAND's Center for Middle East Public Policy.

The Hudson Institute is an American conservative not for profit think tank founded in 1961, in Croton-on-Hudson, New York, by futurist, military strategist, and systems theorist Herman Kahn and his colleagues at the RAND Corporation.

Though Kahn is often cited as the father of scenario planning, at the same time Kahn was developing his methods at RAND, Gaston Berger was developing similar methods at the Centre d ’ Etudes Prospectives which he founded in France.

* The prisoner's dilemma is framed by Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher at RAND and formalized and named by Albert W. Tucker.

Reasonable and non-discriminatory terms ( RAND ), also known as fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms ( FRAND ), are a licensing obligation that is often required by standard-setting organizations for members that participate in the standard-setting process.

One of the most common rules is that a patent that applies to the standard must be adopted on " reasonable and non-discriminatory terms " ( RAND ) or on " fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms " ( FRAND ).

The most controversial issue in RAND licensing is whether the " reasonable " license price should include the value contributed by the standard-setting organization's decision to adopt the standard.

This RAND is then combined with the K < sub > i </ sub > to produce two numbers as follows:

* The K < sub > i </ sub > and RAND are fed into the A3 algorithm and the signed response ( SRES ) is calculated.

* The K < sub > i </ sub > and RAND are fed into the A8 algorithm and a session key called K < sub > c </ sub > is calculated.

SIMSCRIPT is a free-form, English-like general-purpose simulation language conceived by Harry Markowitz and Bernard Hausner at the RAND Corporation in 1963.

The RAND HIE is still referenced in the academic literature as a " gold standard " study in research on the effects of health insurance.