He was a founder of the Hudson Institute think tank and originally came to prominence as a military strategist and systems theorist while employed at RAND Corporation, USA.

Khalilzad received his PhD at the University of Chicago in The United States, where he studied closely with strategic thinker Albert Wohlstetter, a prominent nuclear deterrence thinker and strategist, who provided Zalmay with contacts in the government and with RAND.

The Hudson Institute is an American conservative not for profit think tank founded in 1961, in Croton-on-Hudson, New York, by futurist, military strategist, and systems theorist Herman Kahn and his colleagues at the RAND Corporation.

The term was used to refer to the " megadeath intellectuals ", the group of thinkers surrounding RAND Corporation strategist Herman Kahn.

Cohen was personally responsible for recruiting the famous strategist Herman Kahn into the RAND Corporation.

* ( team led by Herman Kahn ) Report on a study of Non-Military Defense, RAND Corporation report R-322-RC, 1958

* Herman Kahn and Irwin Mann, War Gaming, RAND Corporation paper P-1167, 1957

* Herman Kahn and Irwin Mann, Ten common pitfalls, RAND research memorandum RM-1937-PR, 1957

* RAND Corporation unclassified papers by Herman Kahn, 1948-59

Most authors attribute the introduction of scenario planning to Herman Kahn through his work for the US Military in the 1950s at the RAND corporation where he developed a technique of describing the future in stories as if written by people in the future.

Following those comments, fellow RAND scholar Herman Kahn told an assembled group of SAC officers " Gentlemen, you do not have a war plan.

Though Kahn is often cited as the father of scenario planning, at the same time Kahn was developing his methods at RAND, Gaston Berger was developing similar methods at the Centre d ’ Etudes Prospectives which he founded in France.

He was, and is, with the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit pool of thinkers financed by the U.S. Air Force.

" In joint scientific efforts extending over twenty years, initially in collaboration with J. C. ( Cliff ) Shaw at the RAND Corporation, and subsequentially with numerous faculty and student colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University, they have made basic contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing.

The Institute was founded in 1972, when packet switching pioneer Keith Uncapher left RAND Corporation with backing from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

Thus their definition of " liberal " includes the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit research organization with strong ties to the Defense Department.

In 1947, the RAND Corporation generated numbers by the electronic simulation of a roulette wheel ; the results were eventually published in 1955 as A Million Random Digits with 100, 000 Normal Deviates.

In May, 1946, Project RAND had released the Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship, which stated, " A satellite vehicle with appropriate instrumentation can be expected to be one of the most potent scientific tools of the Twentieth Century.

The RAND Corporation's Arc project, developed in concert with Suisman Urban Design, is a sweeping infrastructure plan for a prospective Palestinian state.

Microsoft. NET " Framework " architecture is essentially " Middleware " with typical middleware functions distributed between the various products, with most inter-computer interaction by industry standards, open APIs or RAND software licence.

Some tablets, especially inexpensive ones aimed at young children, come with a corded stylus, using technology similar to older RAND tablets, although this design is no longer used on any normal tablets.

In late 1969 — with the assistance of his former RAND Corporation colleague Anthony Russo and the staff of Senator Edward Kennedy — Ellsberg secretly made several sets of photocopies of the classified documents to which he had access ; these later became known as the Pentagon Papers.

The movie, in which he is portrayed by James Spader, documents Ellsberg's life, starting with his work for RAND Corp and ending with the day on which the judge declared his espionage trial a mistrial.

On 29 April 1947 RAND Corporation began generating random digits with an " electronic roulette wheel ", consisting of a random frequency pulse source of about 100, 000 pulses per second gated once per second with a constant frequency pulse and fed into a five-bit binary counter.

The results of a long run from the RAND machine, carefully filtered and tested, were converted into a table, which was published in 1955 in the book A Million Random Digits with 100, 000 Normal Deviates.

Like the W3C, which requires participants to offer royalty-free licenses to anyone using the resulting standard, OASIS offers a similar Royalty Free on Limited Terms mode, along with a Royalty Free on RAND Terms mode and a RAND ( reasonable and non-discriminatory ) mode for its committees.

From 1951 to 1963, he served first as a consultant and later as a senior policy analyst for the RAND Corporation, and maintained his affiliation with RAND for years afterward.

" While at RAND, Khalilzad also had a brief stint consulting for Cambridge Energy Research Associates, which at the time was conducting a risk analysis for Unocal, now part of Chevron, for a proposed 1, 400 km ( 890 mile ), $ 2-billion, 622 m³ / s ( 22, 000 ft³ / s ) Trans-Afghanistan gas pipeline project which would have extended from Turkmenistan to Afghanistan and further proceeding to Pakistan.

Subsequent RAND HIE publications " rule out all but a minimal influence, favorable or adverse, of free care for the average participant " but determined that a " low income initially sick group assigned to the HMO ... a greater risk of dying " than those assigned to fee-for-service ( FFS ) care.

Daniel Ellsberg ( born April 7, 1931 ) is a former United States military analyst who, while employed by the RAND Corporation, precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of U. S. government decision-making in relation to the Vietnam War, to The New York Times and other newspapers.

He then began as a strategic analyst at the RAND Corporation, where he concentrated on nuclear strategy.

RAND analyst S. Enders Wimbush said, " Soldiers are clearly recruited in a way that reflects the worries of society.

Jesse Malkin worked as an associate policy analyst and economist focusing on healthcare issues for the RAND Corporation.

As an analyst at the RAND Corporation, he wrote a half dozen detailed monographs about fighting against an insurgency.

Brown, Thomas, " An Experiment in Probabilistic Forecasting ", R-944-ARPA, 1972-the first RAND paper.

The first published reference to ' road pricing ' was possibly in 1949 when the RAND Corporation proposed " use of direct road pricing to make freight journeys more expensive on congested routes or to influence the time of day at which freight traffic operates ".

MH was proposed by R Stockton Gaines and Norman Shapiro and developed by Bruce S. Borden and others at RAND Corporation.

In the mid &# 8209 ; 1940s the first professional " futurist " consulting institutions like RAND and SRI began to engage in long-range planning, systematic trend watching, scenario development, and visioning, at first under World War II military and government contract and, beginning in the 1950s, for private institutions and corporations.

He is best known for the class of statistically " fluctuating target " scattering models he developed at the RAND Corporation in the early 1950s to characterize the performance of pulsed radar systems, referred to as Swerling Target I, II, III, and IV in the literature of radar.

According to a survey conducted by the RAND Corporation, the cost of producing a barrel of oil at a surface retorting complex in the United States ( comprising a mine, retorting plant, upgrading plant, supporting utilities, and spent shale reclamation ), would range between US $ 70 – 95 ($ 440 – 600 / m < sup > 3 </ sup >, adjusted to 2005 values ).

Assuming an increase in output of during each year after the start of commercial production, RAND predicts the costs would decline to $ 35 – 48 per barrel ($ 220 – 300 / m < sup > 3 </ sup >) within 12 years.

RAND has estimated that building the core elements of the Arc ( the rail, road, and transport infrastructure ) would cost about $ 8 billion.

In 1964, during a discussion on water sports over a brandy at his home in Southern California, RAND Corporation aeronautical engineer Jim Drake and his former Rockwell boss and now good friend Fred Payne, who worked at The Pentagon, discussed options for creating a wind-powered water-ski which would allow Payne to travel on the Potomac River.

Using a graphics tablet ( GRAFACON or RAND TABLET ), the operator would extract the coordinates of features such as the center of pupils, the inside corner of eyes, the outside corner of eyes, point of widows peak, and so on.

According to a survey conducted by the RAND Corporation, the cost of producing a barrel of oil at a surface retorting complex in the United States ( comprising a mine, retorting plant, upgrading plant, supporting utilities, and spent shale reclamation ), would range between US $ 70 – 95 ($ 440 – 600 / m < sup > 3 </ sup >, adjusted to 2005 values ).

The RAND study assumed that only 1 in 10 cases would have been reported.

A 2008 report by the RAND Corporation analyzing a theoretical 2020 attack by mainland China on Taiwan suggested that the US would likely not be able to defend Taiwan.