The resulting moral hazard drives up costs, as shown by the famous RAND Health Insurance Experiment.

( born 1955 ) was recently named the Director of RAND Health.

Lessons from the RAND Health Insurance Experiment.

Medical Practice Management 1992 ; 8: 317-321. major findings of the RAND Health Insurance Experiment.

Free for All: Lessons from the RAND Health Insurance Experiment.

* Joseph Newhouse, economist and director of the RAND Health Insurance Experiment

Impacteen is based at the UIC Institute for Health Research and Policy, and collaborators are at RAND, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, and other institutions around the country.

According to a study by RAND Health, the US healthcare system could save more than 81 billion dollars annually, reduce adverse medical events and improve the quality of care if it were to widely adopt CPOE and other health information technology.

He served on the board of directors for the New England Electric System ( now National Grid USA ), Protection One, RAND, and State Farm Mutual Insurance.

Brown, Thomas, " An Experiment in Probabilistic Forecasting ", R-944-ARPA, 1972-the first RAND paper.

* " Evidence from the RAND Experiment indicates that most of the expenditure-reducing effects of health-plan deductibles occur at low levels of deductibles.

The RAND HIE was begun in 1971 by a group led by health economist Joseph Newhouse and including health service researchers Robert Brook and John Ware ; health economists Willard Manning, Emmett Keeler, Arleen Leibowitz, and Susan Marquis ; and statisticians Carl Morris and Naihua Duan.

An early paper with interim results from the RAND HIE concluded that health insurance without coinsurance " leads to more people using services and to more services per user ," referring to both outpatient and inpatient services.

Subsequent RAND HIE publications " rule out all but a minimal influence, favorable or adverse, of free care for the average participant " but determined that a " low income initially sick group assigned to the HMO ... a greater risk of dying " than those assigned to fee-for-service ( FFS ) care.

Studies of specific conditions and diseases in the RAND HIE data found ( for example ) that the decrease in use of medical services had adverse effects on visual acuity and on blood pressure control.

Newhouse, summarizing the RAND HIE in 2004, wrote " For most people enrolled in the RAND experiment, who were typical of Americans covered by employment-based insurance, the variation in use across the plans appeared to have minimal to no effects on health status.

The RAND HIE was criticized in several ways:

* The RAND HIE did not study people without health insurance, so it could not determine how the presence or absence of health insurance affects health.

The RAND HIE is still referenced in the academic literature as a " gold standard " study in research on the effects of health insurance.

In summarizing 132 articles, they found that the RAND HIE provided the only relevant experimental data ; all other studies they reviewed were observational.

Furthermore, the RAND HIE is mentioned regularly in the newsmedia, for example:

He was, and is, with the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit pool of thinkers financed by the U.S. Air Force.

The Institute was founded in 1972, when packet switching pioneer Keith Uncapher left RAND Corporation with backing from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

The United States Air Force's Project RAND eventually released the above report, but did not believe that the satellite was a potential military weapon ; rather, they considered it to be a tool for science, politics, and propaganda.

A landmark report by the RAND Corporation was commissioned by the Senate Committee on Rules in 2001 when a bill authorizing court-ordered outpatient treatment was being debated in California ( subsequently passed and known as " Laura's Law " for Laura Wilcox ).

It was originally framed by Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher working at RAND in 1950.

JOSS I, developed by J. Clifford Shaw at RAND was first implemented, in beta form, on the JOHNNIAC computer in May 1963.

The JOHNNIAC was an early computer built by RAND that was based on the von Neumann architecture that had been pioneered on the IAS machine.

Review of projects at RAND when Keith Uncapher was hired in 1950 through the early 1970s, such as JOHNNIAC, JOSS, a survivable national network, and work related to the ARPANET.

The Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship was a 1946 proposal, by Project RAND, for a United States satellite program.

The results of a long run from the RAND machine, carefully filtered and tested, were converted into a table, which was published in 1955 in the book A Million Random Digits with 100, 000 Normal Deviates.

The RAND table was a significant breakthrough in delivering random numbers because such a large and carefully prepared table had never before been available.

He was a founder of the Hudson Institute think tank and originally came to prominence as a military strategist and systems theorist while employed at RAND Corporation, USA.

Following briefly working in real estate, he was recruited to RAND by his friend Samuel Cohen, the inventor of the neutron bomb.

Between 1993 and 2000, Khalilzad was the Director of the Strategy, Doctrine, and Force Structure at the RAND Corporation.

" While at RAND, Khalilzad also had a brief stint consulting for Cambridge Energy Research Associates, which at the time was conducting a risk analysis for Unocal, now part of Chevron, for a proposed 1, 400 km ( 890 mile ), $ 2-billion, 622 m³ / s ( 22, 000 ft³ / s ) Trans-Afghanistan gas pipeline project which would have extended from Turkmenistan to Afghanistan and further proceeding to Pakistan.

At RAND, he researched how to posture and operate U. S. strategic nuclear forces to deter plausible forms of Soviet nuclear-armed aggression in way that was credible, cost-effective and controllable.

The first published reference to ' road pricing ' was possibly in 1949 when the RAND Corporation proposed " use of direct road pricing to make freight journeys more expensive on congested routes or to influence the time of day at which freight traffic operates ".

Prior to his term as Secretary of the Treasury, O ' Neill was chairman and CEO of Pittsburgh-based industrial giant Alcoa and chairman of the RAND Corporation.

In 1995, O ' Neill was made chairman of the RAND Corporation.

This strategy was put forward by Robert Axelrod during his second round of computer simulations at RAND.

Allen Newell ( March 19, 1927 – July 19, 1992 ) was a researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the RAND Corporation and at Carnegie Mellon University ’ s School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, and Department of Psychology.

Soon after, he left Princeton and joined the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica where he worked for " a group that was studying logistics problems of the Air Force " ( Simon ).