Lab and even field-quality receivers are very expensive and a good, working knowledge of RF theory is needed to operate the equipment effectively.

The fact that in equivalent baseband models of communication systems, the signal spectrum consists of both negative and positive frequencies, can lead to confusion about bandwidth, since they are sometimes referred to only by the positive half, and one will occasionally see expressions such as, where is the total bandwidth ( i. e. the maximum passband bandwidth of the carrier-modulated RF signal and the minimum passband bandwidth of the physical passband channel ), and is the positive bandwidth ( the baseband bandwidth of the equivalent channel model ).

The main console unit consists of a 14 × 8 × 2 inch rectangular plastic case that houses the motherboard, with a cartridge slot on the right side and connectors for the external power supply and RF jack at the rear.

Simply put, CD-4 consists of four recorded signals ( LF, LB, RB, RF ) and the following coding matrix, similar to FM broadcast stereo multiplexing.

A simple rectenna element consists of a dipole antenna with an RF diode connected across the dipole elements.

As in all ring colliders, the LEP's ring consists of many magnets which force the charged particles into a circular trajectory ( so that they stay inside the ring ), RF accelerators which accelerate the particles with radio frequency ( RF ) waves, and quadrupoles that focus the particle beam ( i. e. keep the particles together ).

The typical 2 meter station using CW ( Morse code ) or SSB ( single side band ) modes consists of an exciter ( radio ) driving a linear amplifier which generates about 200-500 watts of RF power.

A detection system consists of a radio frequency ( RF ) power source, a coil to produce the magnetic excitation field and a detector circuit which monitors for a RF NQR response coming from the explosive component of the object.

* Wi-Fi: The PHY portion consists of the RF, mixed-signal and analog portions, that are often called transceivers, and the digital baseband portion that place high demand on the digital signal processing ( DSP ) and communication algorithm processing, including channel codes.

The laboratory's main research facility is the CEBAF accelerator, which consists of a polarized electron source and injector and a pair of superconducting RF linear accelerators 7 / 8 mile ( 1400 m ) in length, connected to each other by two arc sections which contain steering magnets.

Generally a reader system consists of a microcontroller and a reader IC to communicate over the RF interface with a contactless smartcard.

In RF inductors, which are mostly air core types, specialized construction techniques are used to minimize these losses.

* When conducted by an ordinary electric cable, RF current has a tendency to reflect from discontinuities in the cable such as connectors and travel back down the cable toward the source, causing a condition called standing waves, so RF current must be carried by specialized types of cable called transmission line.

In order to carry RF current efficiently, feed lines are made of specialized types of cable called transmission line.

Vacuum tubes are still used in some specialist applications such as high power RF amplifiers, cathode ray tubes, specialist audio equipment and some microwave devices.

They feature excellent VHF and UHF performance plus low noise figures, and were widely used throughout the 1960s in television sets ( beginning with RCA's " New Vista " line of color sets in 1961 with the CTC-11 chassis ) and radio equipment and high-fidelity equipment, primarily in RF sections.

The HPA's position is that “... radio frequency ( RF ) exposures from WiFi are likely to be lower than those from mobile phones .” It also saw “... no reason why schools and others should not use WiFi equipment .” In October 2007, the HPA launched a new “ systematic ” study into the effects of WiFi networks on behalf of the UK government, in order to calm fears that had appeared in the media in a recent period up to that time ".

* Grounding or earthing schemes such as star earthing for audio equipment or ground planes for RF.

The RF power margin allows for uncertainties in ( a ) empirical components of the signal level prediction method, ( b ) terrain characteristics, ( c ) atmospheric conditions, and ( d ) equipment performance parameters.

Since later television designs include composite, S-Video, and component video jacks, which skip the modulation and demodulation steps, modulators are no longer included as standard equipment, and RF modulators are now largely a third-party product, purchased primarily to run newer equipment such as DVD players with an old television set.

Such signals can be electrical, RF, sonar, etc., depending on the equipment to be tested.

Through the early-1980s, electronics that output a television channel signal were required to meet the same shielding requirements as broadcast television equipment, thus forcing manufacturers such as Apple to omit an RF modulator, and Texas Instruments to have their RF modulator as an external unit, which they had certified by the FCC without mentioning they were planning to sell it with a computer.

Almost all modern video equipment has at least composite connectors, so this typically is not a problem ; however, older video equipment and some very low-end modern televisions have only RF input ( essentially the antenna jack ); while RF modulators are no longer common, they are still widely available to translate baseband signals for older equipment.

The feed antenna is connected to the associated radio-frequency ( RF ) transmitting or receiving equipment by means of a coaxial cable transmission line or waveguide.

The RF anechoic chamber is typically used to house the equipment for performing measurements of antenna radiation patterns, electromagnetic compatibility ( EMC ) and radar cross section measurements.

This is because most of the RF tests that require an anechoic chamber to minimize reflections from the inner surfaces also require the properties of a screened room to attenuate unwanted signals penetrating inwards and causing interference to the equipment under test and prevent leakage from tests penetrating outside.

Valves remained in certain applications such as high power RF transmitters and the microwave oven, and audio amplification equipment, particularly for the electric guitar, recording studios, and high-end home stereos.

To be able to view a digitally modulated channel, home, or customer-premises equipment ( CPE ), e. g. digital televisions, computers, or set-top boxes, are required to convert the RF signals to signals that are compatible with display devices such as analog televisions or computer monitors.

Despite this opinion among researchers, evidence has accumulated that supports the existence of complex biological effects of weaker non-thermal electromagnetic fields, ( including weak ELF magnetic fields, although the latter does not strictly qualify as EM radiation < ref >), and modulated RF and microwave fields.

RF ( radio frequency ) and microwave signal generators are used for testing components, receivers and test systems in a wide variety of applications including cellular communications, WiFi, WiMAX, GPS, audio and video broadcasting, satellite communications, radar and electronic warfare.

RF modulators are commonly integrated into VCRs, in video game consoles up to and including the fourth generation, and in 8-and 16-bit home computers.

Radio frequency ( RF ) energy has been used in medical treatments for over 75 years generally for minimally invasive surgeries and coagulation, including the treatment of sleep apnea.

As with many other connectors, the RCA has been adopted for other uses than originally intended, including as a power connector, an RF connector, and as a connector for loudspeaker cables.

Its products include microcontrollers ( including 8051 derivatives, AT91SAM and AT91CAP ARM-based micros, and its own Atmel AVR and AVR32 architectures ), radio frequency ( RF ) devices, EEPROM and flash memory devices ( including DataFlash-based memory ), and a number of application-specific products.

; Media and device independence: UPnP technology can run on many media that support IP including Ethernet, FireWire, IR ( IrDA ), home wiring ( G. hn ) and RF ( Bluetooth, Wi-Fi ).

Most railroads used this name, but a number adopted different titles, including Confederation ( Canadian National ), Golden State ( Southern Pacific ), Niagara ( New York Central and NdeM ), Pocono ( DL & W ), Wyoming ( Lehigh Valley Railroad ), Dixie ( NC & StL ), Big Apple ( Central of Georgia Railway ), Greenbrier ( Chesapeake and Ohio Railway ), Western ( D & RGW ), Potomac ( Western Maryland Railway ) while the RF & P gave each of its three classes a separate title: General, Governor and Statesman.

In 1998 Mitel acquired GEC-Plessey Semiconductor in the UK from the General Electric Company plc for US $ 225 million in cash, through which it gained significant wireless technology and communications ASIC and systems integration expertise, including a leading position in RF ( Radio Frequency ) technology.

The company focuses on the automotive, consumer, industrial and networking markets with its product portfolio including microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, digital signal controllers, sensors, RF power ICs and power management ICs.

Game Park also announced a variety of accessories to be made for the GP32, including a television module, a flash reader and an RF module for wireless multiplayer gaming, etc.

Brunk cleared all rumors that the cuts and bruises were self-induced in a shoot interview with RF Video, confirming that they were a result of numerous hardcore matches he was involved in, including participating in over two dozen no-rope barbed wire death matches.

Specific absorption rate ( SAR ) is a measure of the rate at which energy is absorbed by the body when exposed to a radio frequency ( RF ) electromagnetic field ; although, it can also refer to absorption of other forms of energy by tissue, including ultrasound.

A variety of studies over the past 50 years have been done on workers exposed to high RF radiation levels ; studies including radar laboratory workers, military radar workers, electrical workers, and amateur radio operators.

* Kolchuga is sufficiently sensitive to detect US stealth aircraft from unconventional sources of RF emissions, including radiation from exhaust trails and electromagnetic interference from the engine.

RF shielding is also used to protect medical and laboratory equipment to provide protection against interfering signals, including AM, FM, TV, emergency services, dispatch, pagers, ESMR, cellular, and PCS.

Other equipment with display functionality includes monitors with more advanced interfaces and connectors giving a better picture, including analog VGA, and digital DVI, HDMI, and DisplayPort ; and television ( TV ) receivers which are self-contained, receiving and displaying video RF broadcasts received with an internal tuner.

A number of problems have been reported, including RF burns received while transmitting data on some settings, comparatively heavy compared to equivalent Clansman radio sets, unergonomic wiring and user interfaces on the manpack radio, short-lived batteries, inadequate " ruggedisation " and inflexibility with assigning unique call sign indicators to individuals which are now instead permanently programmed into the radios themselves instead of the Clansman BATCO assigned system, which would change every 12 hours and could be used on any number of different radio sets by the operator as required.