Initially in a literary revival Renaissance was determined to move away from the religion-dominated Middle Ages and to turn its attention to the plight of the individual man in society.

The unease and self-deception that characterized that period of colonial history would be revisited in many forms at political and social moments of crisis ( such as the Salem witch trials, which coincided with frontier warfare and economic competition among Indians and French and other European settlers ) and during lengthy periods of cultural definition ( such as the American Renaissance of the late 18th-and early 19th-century literary, visual, and architectural movements, which sought to capitalize on unique American identities ).

There are 83 known manuscripts of the work from the late medieval and early Renaissance period, more than any other vernacular literary text with the exception of The Prick of Conscience.

There are 83 known manuscripts of the work from the late medieval and early Renaissance period, more than any other vernacular literary text with the exception of The Prick of Conscience.

His residence at Leuven, where he lectured at the Catholic University, exposed Erasmus to much criticism from those ascetics, academics and clerics hostile to the principles of literary and religious reform and the loose norms of the Renaissance adherents to which he was devoting his life.

Due to his literary style and the thoroughness of his research — which seemingly included studying Roman imperial archives and heavily relying on Thucydides — and his apparent rigor — for he tended not to support any character or subject, taking an impartial point of view — he was by far the most read and admired historian during the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the early Modern Era.

The Renaissance writer François Rabelais ( b. 1494 ) helped to shape French as a literary language, Rabelais ' French is characterised by the re-introduction of Greek and Latin words.

Knights and the ideals of knighthood featured largely in medieval and Renaissance literature, and have secured a permanent place in literary romance.

Thanks to the literary renditions of Ovid and Fulgentius it was a well-known myth through the Middle Ages, but emerged more prominently as a classicizing theme, with erotic overtones, in the Italian Renaissance.

His literary achievements attracted the notice of Charlemagne, and Paul became a potent factor in the Carolingian Renaissance.

The History of King Richard III is a Renaissance history, remarkable more for its literary skill and adherence to classical precepts than for its historical accuracy.

Robert J. Graham, a Renaissance literary scholar, notes that “ questions of whose language is privileged at any given historical moment are deeply implicated in matters of personal, social and cultural significance ”, which he states is the primary reason for Castiglione ’ s usage of the native vernacular.

Ockham and his works have been discussed as a possible influence on several late medieval literary figures and works, especially Geoffrey Chaucer, but also Jean Molinet, the Gawain Poet, François Rabelais, John Skelton, Julian of Norwich, the York and Townely Plays, and Renaissance romances.

Today with most of Savonarola ’ s treatises and sermons and many of the contemporary sources – chronicles, diaries, government documents and literary works – available in critical editions, scholars can provide fresh, better informed assessments of his character and his place in the Renaissance, the Reformation and modern European history.

He had an especially significant influence on many of the American literary movements of the 1950s, including the Beat movement, the San Francisco Renaissance, the Black Mountain school, and the New York School.

The literary criticism of the Renaissance developed classical ideas of unity of form and content into literary neoclassicism, proclaiming literature as central to culture, entrusting the poet and the author with preservation of a long literary tradition.

Besides Copernicus, Albert's students included the mathematician Bernard Wapowski and the German poet and Renaissance humanist, Conrad Celtis, who in Kraków established the first Central European literary society, Sodalitas Litterana Vistulana.

These characters have appeared in literary fiction – including penny dreadfuls, pulp comics, Victorian, Romanticism and Renaissance literature, steampunk, Gothic novels, fairy tales, mythology and folklore – as well as in film, television programs, comic book series and graphic novels, radio shows, and even video games.

The novella as a literary genre later began developing in the early Renaissance literary work of the Italians and the French.

Renaissance classicism introduced a host of elements into European culture, including the application of mathematics and empiricism into art, humanism, literary and depictive realism, and formalism.

Valencian, like the closely related Occitan, has a long literary tradition, especially Late Medieval and Renaissance.

Like a true prince of the Renaissance he favoured men of letters whom he trusted to preserve his reputation to posterity.

The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography, and in line with general scepticism of discrete periodizations, there has been much debate among historians reacting to the 19th-century glorification of the " Renaissance " and individual culture heroes as " Renaissance men ", questioning the usefulness of Renaissance as a term and as a historical delineation.

Though Boccaccio portrays many of the women of these stories in a positive light, most of the men in the stories are stereotypical medieval / Renaissance cuckolds.

In Renaissance usage, the Italian word cortigiana, feminine of cortigiano (" courtier ") came to refer to " the ruler's mistress ", and then to a well-educated and independent woman of loose morals, eventually a trained artisan of dance and singing, especially one associated with wealthy, powerful, or upper-class men who provided luxuries and status in exchange for companionship.

Milan and Mantua became two centres of the Renaissance whose culture, with men like Leonardo da Vinci and Mantegna, and pieces of art were highly regarded ( for example, Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper ).

He argues that in the Renaissance the mad were portrayed in art as possessing a kind of wisdom, a knowledge of the limits of our world, and portrayed in literature as revealing the distinction between what men are and what they pretend to be.

:" Renaissance men developed a delightful, yet horrible way of dealing with their mad denizens: they were put on a ship and entrusted to mariners because folly, water, and sea, as everyone then ' knew ', had an affinity for each other.

It was during the Renaissance that creativity was first seen, not as a conduit for the divine, but from the abilities of " great men ".

He has sometimes been charged with a want of independence of character ; but it is fair to remember that in the Renaissance men of letters naturally attached themselves as dependents to the great.

His text Studies in the History of the Renaissance ( 1873 ) was very well regarded by art-oriented young men of the late 19th century.

Since the Renaissance until the late 19th century, men involved in the daily correspondence and the activities of the mighty had assumed the title of secretary.

The title is an allusion to a " Man of Knowledge " ( see List of Renaissance men ).

His history is a model of exact research, drawn from the best sources, and presented in an elegant and animated style ; unfortunately, even for the men of the Renaissance, Latin was a dead language ; it was impossible for de Thou to find exact equivalents for technical terms of geography or of administration.

Saint Paul's dictum that " women should be silent in churches " resonated with this tradition ; the development of vocal polyphony from the Middle Ages through the Renaissance and Baroque thus took place largely, though not exclusively, in the context of the all-male choir, in which all voice parts were sung by men and boys.

Renaissance engravers in Germany and Italy were particularly fond of wild men, wild women, and wild families, with examples from Martin Schongauer ( died 1491 ) and Albrecht Dürer ( 1471 – 1528 ) among others.

The Renaissance commenced a separation between literary men and the people, between the written and spoken tongue, which with some exceptions lasted until the beginning of the 19th century.

During the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, men idolized the Renaissance Man who was skilled in all walks of life-a " real " man of this time was to be skilled in armed combat and knowledgeable of literature and art, among other things.

Renaissance art biographer Giorgio Vasari does not even mention Fiorenzo's name, though he probably refers to him when he says that Cristofano, Perugino's father, sent his son to be the shop drudge of a painter in Perugia, who was not particularly distinguished in his calling, but held the art in great veneration and highly honoured the men who excelled therein.

The theme came naturally to Renaissance humanists who were often homines novi rising by their own wits in a network of noble courts that depended on the highly literate new men to run increasingly complicated chancelries and create the cultural propaganda that was a contemporary vehicle for noble fame, and that consequently offered a kind of intellectual cursus honorum.

* The Renaissance Institute is a voluntary association of women and men age 50 and older who pursue study of a variety of topics on a not-for-credit basis.