Elder Futhark gave rise to a variety of alphabets known collectively as the Runic alphabets.

The orthography of the Old Norse language was diverse, being written in both Runic and Latin alphabets, with many spelling conventions, variant letterforms, and unique letters and signs.

Runology is the study of the Runic alphabets, Runic inscriptions and their history.

Runic alphabets, heathen European sites and other means of expressing an interest in the ancient and ancestral occurs often in neofolk music.

** Both letters were also used by Anglo-Saxon scribes who also used the Runic letter Wynn to represent / w /.

The current estimated population ( as of 2009 ) is around 65, 777. Kovel gives its name to one of the oldest Runic inscriptions which were lost during World War II.

Until the early twentieth century runes were used in rural Sweden for decorative purposes in Dalarna and on Runic calendars.

Runic calendars were written on parchment or carved onto staves of wood, bone, or horn.

During the 18th century, the Runic calendars had a renaissance, and around 1800, such calendars were made in the form of tobacco boxes in brass.

Runic signs were used from the 1920s to 1945 on Schutzstaffel flags, uniforms and other items as symbols of various aspects of Nazi ideology and Germanic mysticism.

The earliest forms of the Swedish and Danish languages, spoken between the years 800 and 1100, were dialects of Old East Norse and are referred to as Runic Swedish and Runic Danish because at the time all texts were written in the runic alphabet.

In English runology, œ is used to transliterate the Runic letter

In Old English the Runic letter Wynn () was used, but Norman influence forced Wynn out of use.

Two letters used in its transliteration are not used in current English: the Runic þ ( representing / θ /), and ƕ ( representing / xʷ /).

Records carved in a Runic alphabet used by ancient Hungarians have words for wine derived from Turkic.

They are used in the computus ( the calculation of the date of Easter ) and also in the Runic calendar.

The historical order was abandoned in Runic and Arabic, although Arabic retains the traditional " abjadi order " for numbering.

As a result there is much more material from the Viking Age concerning Norway than for instance Sweden, which, apart from Runic inscriptions, has almost no written sources from the early Middle Ages.

** Omar Bacchylides Runic, a poet with a talent for extemporizing, and Chib's occasional lover.

Runic stone for Thyra, back side

Runic stone for Thyra, front side

: 2010: Runic Games ( for Torchlight )

The alphabet is essentially an uncial form of the Greek alphabet, with a few additional letters to account for Gothic phonology: Latin F, two Runic letters to distinguish the / j / and / w / glides from vocalic / i / and / u /, and the ƕair letter to express the Gothic labiovelar.

Ulfilas is thought to have consciously chosen to avoid the use of the older Runic alphabet for this purpose, as it was heavily connected with heathen beliefs and customs.

In 1763, Percy, aiming for the market that Ossian had opened for " ancient poetry " ( see James MacPherson ), published Five Pieces of Runic Poetry from Icelandic, which he translated and " improved.

* World of Warcraft ( 2004 ) uses Rage for Warriors, or Energy and Combo points for Rogues, Runes and Runic Power for Death Knights, as well as Focus for Hunters and their pets.

During this time, British interest and enthusiasm for Iceland and Nordic culture grew dramatically, expressed in original English poems extolling Viking virtues, such as Thomas Warton's " Runic Odes " of 1748:

Where Dwarfs shun most magic except for Runic magic ( which is unique to them ) Chaos Dwarfs have embraced it ; where Dwarfs worship their Ancestor Gods, Chaos Dwarfs worship " Hashut, Father of Darkness ".

Wiligut had his own Runic style, frequently applying binding-runes " runic alphabet " for this purpose.

Wolfgang von Krause, for one, sees the language of the runic inscriptions of the Proto-Norse period as an immediate precursor to Old Norse, but Elmer Antonsen views them as Northwest Germanic, though his views on Runic Script and related subjects might be considered extreme.

An explanation was proposed by the Romanian historian Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu, who connected the name of the river Moldova with Mulde, a river in Saxony, and Moldau, the German name of the river Vltava in the Czech Republic, and argues that all derive from the Gothic word for " dust " ( Gothic:, Runic: ᛗᚢᛚᛞᚨ )-Mulda.

* Guido von List ( 1848 – 1919 ) 19th-century mystic Germanic and Runic revivalist

Guido Karl Anton List, better known as Guido von List ( October 5, 1848 – May 17, 1919 ) was an Austrian / German ( Viennese ) poet, journalist, writer, businessman and dealer of leather goods, mountaineer, hiker, dramatist, playwright, and rower, but was most notable as an occultist and völkisch author who is seen as one of the most important figures in Germanic revivalism, Germanic mysticism, Runic Revivalism and Runosophy in the late 19th century and early 20th century, and continues to be so today.

) may be solved by accepting the fact that the name may indeed be West Germanic ;" however, it should be noted that in the early Runic period differences between Germanic languages are generally presumed to be small.

From 1900 – 1912, Murdoch gradually progressed from Second Officer to First Officer, serving on a successive number of White Star Line vessels, Medic ( 1900 – along with Charles Lightoller, Titanics second officer ), Runic ( 1901 – 1903 ), Arabic ( 1903 ), Celtic ( 1904 ), Germanic ( 1904 ), Oceanic ( 1905 ), Cedric ( 1906 ), Adriatic ( 1907 – 1911 ) and the Olympic ( 1911 – 1912 ).

Alleged mystical or shamanic aspects of historical pre-Christian Germanic culture, summarized as seidr are also practiced in Odinism ( Freya Aswynn, Nigel Pennick, Karl Spiesberger, see also Germanic Runic Astrology, The Book of Blotar ).

The name also has a double meaning as Rune ( letter in the Runic script ) and berg ( mountain ) can, in most of the Nordic languages, be translated loosely to " Mountain of letters ".

In addition to collecting Norwegian folksongs and traditions and writing on Runic inscriptions, he made considerable contributions to the study of the Celtic, Romance, Oscan, Umbrian and Etruscan languages.

A change that separated Old East Norse ( Runic Swedish / Danish ) from Old West Norse was the change of the diphthong æi ( Old West Norse ei ) to the monophthong e, as in stæin to sten.

Meanwhile, the Germans had through influence from Italic scripts devised their own Runic alphabet.

Uppland Runic Inscription 53 | U 53, a fragment of a runestone built into a wall in the intersection of Prästgatan and Kåkbrinken, is believed to have been brought from an Iron age settlement not far from today's old town.

The runic inscription from the 11th century ( Uppland Runic Inscription 11 | U11 ) refers to king Håkan the Red.

Additionally, Mythos lead designer Travis Baldree and Flagship Studios co-founder Max Schaefer have subsequently formed the new game company Runic Games along with the remaining staff of 14 behind the game from Flagship Seattle.

The individual letters, however, still bear names derived from those of their Runic equivalents.

* Schutzstaffel ( abbreviated SS — or Runic "↯↯" ) – " Protection Squadron "; a major Nazi organization that grew from a small paramilitary unit that served as Hitler's personal body guard into militarily what was in practical terms the fourth branch of the Wehrmacht.

* Sig Rune " S rune " – The letter from the runic alphabet popularized in the SS emblem ( Runic "↯↯") and other insignia.

Runic inscriptions from the 400 year period of c. AD 150 to 550 are referred to as " Period I " inscriptions.

Runic tattoos cover Lindsey's body, mystically hiding his presence from the Senior Partners.

Church bell from Saleby, Västergötland, Sweden containing an inscription from 1228 in the Runic alphabet

Some Unicode characters may be missing from default installations of Windows 9x ( such as Armenian and Georgian ) or of Windows XP ( such as Ethiopian and Runic ), but WGL4 glyphs are found on all major platforms of Microsoft Windows.

' In 1763, he published Five Pieces of Runic Poetry, translated from the Icelandic.

* Rune Poems from " Runic and Heroic Poems " by Bruce Dickins

The dedicated journal Nytt om runer has been published by the " Runic Archives " of the Museum of Cultural History at the University of Oslo from 1985.