Until Moscow resumed nuclear testing last September 1, the US and UK had released more than twice as much radiation into the atmosphere as the Russians, and the fallout from the earlier blasts is still coming down.

During the armistice, he worked on the organization of the Prussian forces ; when the war was resumed, he became commander-in-chief of the Army of Silesia, with August von Gneisenau and Muffling as his principal staff officers and 40, 000 Prussians and 50, 000 Russians under his command.

The war was resumed by Russians as soon as the truce expired, leading to the Treaty of Tyavzino, far less advantageous for Sweden.

Construction resumed in 1855 to provide Sydney with protection against the threat of a naval attack by the Russians during the Crimean War of the 1850s.

The bombardment resumed the following day ; but, working overnight, the Russians had repaired the damage caused.

Melas, who resumed command of Coalition forces in Italy, now almost exclusively Austrian, paused the offensive and consolidated his forces, now that the Russians had been removed from Italy.

The Russians explained that hot-water drilling would require more power than they could generate at their remote camp.

The original drilling technique employed by the Russians involved the use of Freon and kerosene to lubricate the borehole and prevent it from collapsing and freezing over ; 60 tons of these chemicals have been used thus far on the ice above Lake Vostok.

Other countries, particularly the United States and Britain, have failed to persuade the Russians not to pierce to the lake until cleaner technologies such as hot-water drilling are available.

Peace, it's wonderful, and `` world law '', it's wonderful, too, and shouldn't we get an international covenant extending it into space, before the Russians put some claim jumper on the moon??

What they have objected to is the attempt of the Russians to make use of the tragedy of Dag Hammarskjold's death to turn the entire U.N. staff from the Secretary down into political agents of the respective countries from which they come.

Thus, when the Russians sent up their first sputnik, American chagrin was human enough, and American determination to put American satellites into orbit was perfectly understandable.

Not only does the ensuing crisis rank with the Berlin Blockade, the Suez Crisis and the Yom Kippur War as one of the major confrontations of the Cold War, it is generally regarded as the moment in which the Cold War came closest to turning into a nuclear conflict, or possibly World War III, where it is estimated that 100 million Americans and over 100 million Russians would have perished.

Large numbers of ethnic Russians were incentivized to move into the non-Russian republics, including Estonia.

The Russians, whose side lost, failed to keep up and despite newer models coming into service, I-16s were outfought by the improved Bf 109s in World War II, while remaining the most common Soviet front-line fighter into 1942.

However, the Russians believe the attack was orchestrated by the Americans, and a diplomatic crisis ensues which threatens to escalate into war.

British concern over Russian advances in Central Asia and growing influence in Persia culminated in two Anglo-Afghan wars and " The Siege of Herat " 1837 – 1838, in which the Persians, trying to retake Afghanistan and throw out the British and Russians, sent armies into the country and fought the British mostly around and in the city of Herat.

In 1237 – 1238 the Mongols burnt down the city of Vladimir ( 4 February 1238 ) and other major cities of northeast Russia, routed the Russians at the Sit ' River, and then moved west into Poland and Hungary.

Russians were able to seize Kazakh territory because the khanates were preoccupied by Zunghar Oirats, who in the late 16th century had begun to move into Kazakh territory from the east.

He was drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I, but along with most Czech soldiers defected to the Russians late in the war.

Although critical of the Tsar, General Kornilov felt that Russia, as part of the Triple Entente, was committed to continue the war against the Central Powers, and he shared the widespread belief of some Russians that after the February Revolution the country was descending into anarchy and that military defeat would be disastrous for Russia.

* On This Day, November 3 – 1957: Russians launch dog into space.

The Russians divide the Siberian Neoproterozoic into the Baikalian from 850 to 650Ma ( loosely equivalent to the Cryogenian ), which overlies the Mayanian, from 1000 to 850Ma, then the Aimchanian.

But next year the large invading army was thoroughly defeated by Russians in the Battle of Molodi, forever eliminating the threat of the Ottoman-Crimean expansion into Russia.

The Soviet press later reported that minutes before boarding the spacecraft Gagarin made a speech: " Dear friends, you who are close to me, and you whom I do not know, fellow Russians, and people of all countries and all continents: in a few minutes a powerful space vehicle will carry me into the distant realm of space.

Although the young Swedish King Charles XII ( 1682 – 1718 ; reigned 1697 – 1718 ) won spectacular victories in the early years of the Great Northern War, most notably in the stunning success against the Russians at the Battle of Narva ( 1700 ), his plan to attack Moscow and force Russia into peace proved too ambitious.

His view of the war was that with Hitler gone, the German army could be rebuilt into an ally in a potential war against the Russians, whom Patton notoriously despised and considered a greater menace than the Germans.

This gave him an insight into Russia and Russians unavailable to the few previous visitors to Russia.

By 1868, the Russians had annexed the Zarafshan Valley, and in 1873, the treaty turning Bukhara into a Russian protectorate was signed in Qarshi, much to the dismay of the Emir's son, Abdul Malik, who took to the hills in rebellion.

The ruble went into free fall as Russians sought frantically to buy dollars.

He therefore made a deal with the Russians to delay their withdrawal until he had moved enough of his best-trained men and modern material into the region.

Because the Russians desired to slip undetected into Vladivostok, as they approached Japanese waters they steered outside regular shipping channels to reduce the chance of detection.

The main concern is concern that the lake could become contaminated with the antifreeze that the Russians used to keep the bore hole from refreezing.

By May units of Rydz-Śmigły had advanced to the north and east and reached the line of Łyngmiany – Ignalino – Hoduciszki – Narocz lake, while gen. Mokrzecki engaged Russians east of Baranowicze and gen. Listowski moved west of Łunińc and near lower Styr on the Polesie Wołyńskie.

The lake was once in the territory of the mir of Wakhan, but the lake and river were established as the border between Russia and Afghanistan by agreement between the Russians and the British in 1895.

* January 25 – Norwegian rocket incident: A rocket launched from the space exploration centre at Andøya, Norway is briefly interpreted by the Russians as an incoming attack.

:"... 27 January 2005, the sixtieth anniversary of the liberation of Nazi Germany's death camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, where a combined total of up to 1. 5 million Jews, Roma, Poles, Russians and prisoners of various other nationalities, and homosexuals, were murdered, is not only a major occasion for European citizens to remember and condemn the enormous horror and tragedy of the Holocaust, but also for addressing the disturbing rise in anti-Semitism, and especially anti-Semitic incidents, in Europe, and for learning anew the wider lessons about the dangers of victimising people on the basis of race, ethnic origin, religion, social classification, politics or sexual orientation ...."

When the Russians attacked the Chechen capital of Grozny during the first weeks of January 1995, about 25, 000 civilians died under week-long air raids and artillery fire in the sealed-off city.

The Russians had been ordered to break the blockade of Port Arthur, but the city had already fallen on 2 January, so the Russian port of Vladivostok became the objective.

Frustrated by the Russians delaying the marriage negotiations, Napoleon rescinded his proposal in late January 1810 and began negotiations to marry Marie Louise with the Austrian ambassador, the Prince of Schwarzenberg.

The Russians gave up on January 15, 1771.

When they reached the Vistula River they waited for it to freeze and didn't cross until 30 December, then continued through a hostile Masuria and took Grodno on 28 January 1708 after the Russians had left without a fight.

The first Battle of St-Dizier was fought on January 26, 1814, and resulted the victory of French under Napoleon Bonaparte against Russians under General Lanskoy.

The next day, January 13, Wallenberg contacted the Russians.

Wilson was sent as Senior Military Representative ( Robertson had refused to go ) on a British mission to Russia in January 1917 ( delayed from November 1916 ), the object of which was to keep the Russians holding down at least the forces now opposite them, to boost Russian morale and see what equipment they needed with a view to coordinating attacks.

After a heavy Soviet offensive overran the last emergency airstrip in Stalingrad on 25 January, the Russians again offered Paulus a chance to surrender.

* In the initial draft of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne, Captain Nemo was a Polish nobleman whose family had been brutally murdered by the Russians during the January 1863 Uprising.

Once again the raids were followed by a strategic retreat to Tavildara, and once again international pressure on the Tajik government saw Namangani agree to him and his men being flown by the Russians back to Afghanistan, where they arrived in January 2001.

During January Uprising, several skirmishes took place in the area of the town, and as a punismhment, the Russians reduced Proszowice to the status of a village ( 1869 ).

On 28 January the Russians under the command of General Iosif Romanovich Anrep reached Calafat and began the siege which lasted until May.

Following the January Uprising imperial officials announced that " Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Christianity " and banned press in the Lithuanian language and started the Program of Restoration of Russian Beginnings.

Enver ordered a complex attack on the Russians, placed himself in personal control of the Third Army, and was utterly defeated at the Battle of Sarikamish in December – January 1914 – 1915.

On the night of 24 January 1915, Russians attacked the 3rd Legions ’ Infantry Regiment.

His group launched Explorer I on a Jupiter-C rocket from Cape Canaveral on 31 January 1958 less than four months after the Russians had launched Sputnik ( much to the surprise of the Americans ).

An unsuccessful Ottoman attack on Russia through the Caucasus Mountains was launched in December ( Battle of Sarikamish ), leading the Russians to call for aid from Britain in January 1915.

On January 1828 when Russians reached the shores of Lake Urmia, Abbas Mirza urgently signed the Treaty of Turkmenchay on 2 February 1828.

In 1679 – 1680, the Russians repelled the attacks of the Crimean Tatars and signed the Bakhchisaray Peace Treaty on January 3, 1681, which would establish the Russo-Turkish border by the Dnieper.

On January 17, 2008, an official of Naichō was charged for spying for Russians, passing them classified information.

*‘ Lytton, the Cabinet & the Russians, August – November 1878 ’, English Historical Review, LXXVI ( January 1961 ).