The Scots had found a new leader in William Wallace, and Edward's yearly expeditions across the Border called for evermounting taxes, which only increased his difficulties with the barons and the clergy.

In the past, the Bishop of Durham, known as a prince bishop, had extensive viceregal powers within his northern diocese — the power to mint money, collect taxes and raise an army to defend against the Scots.

It was faced with the prospect of battling Anglo-Irish and Ulster Scots peoples in Ireland, who alongside their other Irish groups had raised their own volunteer army and threatened to emulate the American colonists if their conditions were not met.

In 1557, the Scots Protestant lords had adopted the English Prayer Book of 1552, for reformed worship in Scotland.

In his fictional historical essay " The Hyborian Age ", Howard describes how the people of Atlantis — the land where his character King Kull originated — had to move east after a great cataclysm changed the face of the world and sank their island, settling where Ireland and Scotland would eventually be located, Thus they are ( in Howard's work ) the ancestors of the Irish and Scottish ( the Celtic Gaels ) and not the Picts, the other ancestor of modern Scots who also appear in Howard's work.

The Declaration made a number of much-debated rhetorical points: that Scotland had always been independent, indeed for longer than England ; that Edward I of England had unjustly attacked Scotland and perpetrated atrocities ; that Robert the Bruce had delivered the Scottish nation from this peril ; and, most controversially, that the independence of Scotland was the prerogative of the Scottish people, rather than the King of Scots.

The Pope heeded the arguments contained in the Declaration, influenced by the offer of support from the Scots for his long-desired crusade if they no longer had to fear English invasion.

Such was the case with Elizabeth's rival, Mary, Queen of Scots, whom she imprisoned in 1568 and eventually had executed in 1587.

She was a better ally than the chief alternative, Mary, Queen of Scots, who had grown up in France and was betrothed to the Dauphin of France.

The Vikings had similar effects on the various kingdoms of the Scots, Picts and ( to a lesser extent ) Welsh.

The queen ran afoul of her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, who was a devoted Catholic and had been forced to abdicate her throne as a consequence ( Scotland had recently become Protestant ).

" This particular line of criticism also misses the obvious parallels that existed between the story's background ( England conquered by the Normans in 1066, when they killed Saxon King Harold at Hastings, about 130 years previously ) and the prevailing situation in Scott's native Scotland ( Scotland's union with England in 1707 – about the same length of time had elapsed before Scott's writing and the resurgence in his time of Scottish nationalism evidenced by the cult of Robert Burns, the famous poet who deliberately chose to work in Scots vernacular though he was an educated man and spoke modern English eloquently ).

The King believed that Puritans ( or Dissenters ) encouraged by five vociferous members of the House of Commons, John Pym, John Hampden, Denzil Holles, Sir Arthur Haselrig and William Strode along with Viscount Mandeville ( the future Earl of Manchester ) who sat in the House of Lords, had encouraged the Scots to invade England in the recent Bishops ' Wars and that they were intent on turning the London mob against him.

However, by the time Scotland and England joined under a single parliament, English had lost the sound, so the Scots convention of using CH remained, hence the modern Scottish English loch.

In the late Seventeenth century came calls for the resurrection of militia in Scotland that had the understated aim of protecting the rights of Scots from English oppression.

The exiles were disappointed, however, if they had expected immediate assistance from the Scots.

Based on the idea that the Scots controlled much of modern Cumbria, it had been supposed that William Rufus's new castle at Carlisle and his settlement of English peasants in the surrounds was the cause.

However, the decline of Norse speech in Orkney probably began in 1379 when the earldom passed into the hands of the Sinclairs, and Scots had superseded Norse as the language of prestige on the island by the early 15th century.

Norn had also been a spoken language in Caithness but had probably become extinct there by the 15th century replaced by Scots.

Although negotiations with the Scots and the lords of Ireland were unsuccessful, Owain had reasons to hope that the French and Bretons might be more welcoming.

Old Norse also had an influence on English dialects and Lowland Scots, which contains many Old Norse loanwords.

In several Scots and in Northern Middle English folkoric ballads, Álfheim was known in as Elphame or Elfhame.

Despite its label as an England side, the team which toured South Africa in 1891 contained several Scots.

Although he made several important concessions, Charles improved his own military position by securing the favour of the Scots that summer by promising the official establishment of Presbyterianism.

The building also contains several frescos depicting scenes from Scots history by William Brassey Hole in the entrance foyer, including a large example of Bruce marshalling his men at Bannockburn.

Elizabeth came under pressure from Parliament to execute Mary, Queen of Scots, to prevent any further attempts to replace her ; though faced with several official requests, she vacillated over the decision to execute an anointed queen.

* Dunfermline Abbey is founded – later to become the burial place of several Kings of Scots, including Robert the Bruce.

Indeed there were Scots, Germans and Dutch people inhabitating major towns of the area, as well as several Italian artists who had been " imported " to the lands of modern Belarus by the magnates.

The prince took part in several Scots campaigns, but despite these martial engagements, " all his father's efforts could not prevent his acquiring the habits of extravagance and frivolity which he retained all through his life ".

In the war that followed, the Scots persevered, even though the English seemed victorious at several points.

His interpreter and protégé Chief John Ross, the descendant of several generations of Cherokee women and Scots fur-traders, built a plantation and operated a trading firm and a ferry at Ross ' Landing ( Chattanooga, Tennessee ).

During March and early April, the Marquess of Newcastle fought several delaying actions as he tried to prevent the Scots from crossing the River Tyne and surrounding the city of Newcastle upon Tyne.

In 1568 Shrewsbury was entrusted with the custody of Mary, Queen of Scots, and brought his prisoner to Chatsworth several times from 1570 onwards.

Being easier and cheaper to make than double-edged swords, backswords became the favored sidearm of common infantry, including irregulars such as the Highland Scots, who in Scottish Gaelic were called the claidheamh cuil ( back sword ), after one of several terms for the distinct types of weapons they used.

Trusted by the popular party, Pembroke was made governor of the Isle of Wight, and he was one of the representatives of the parliament on several occasions, notably during the negotiations at Uxbridge in 1645 and at Newport in 1648, and when the Scots surrendered Charles in 1647.

For example, the Scots used a spear formation known as the schiltron in several battles during the Wars of Scottish Independence including the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, and the Flemings used their geldon long spear to absorb the attack of French knights at the Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302, before other troops in the Flemish formation counterattacked the stalled knights with Goedendags.

Among the first European settlers in the area were a group of Scots settled in Freehold Township in about 1682-85, followed several years later by Dutch settlers.

de Lacy eventually regained his title of Earl of Ulster in 1227, however the castle and its walled town were captured several more times following his death ( in 1242 ) and the town largely destroyed by the Scots in 1402.

Her first major work, published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, was Mary, Queen of Scots ( 1969 ), which was followed by several other biographies, including Cromwell, Our Chief of Men ( 1973 ).

The Fremantle Markets are adjacent to several other historic buildings, including the Sail & Anchor Hotel ( which contains a microbrewery ), the Norfolk Hotel, the Warders Cottages, the Fremantle Technical School, and Scots Presbyterian Church.

On 3 October 1357, after several protracted negotiations with the Scots ' regency council, a treaty was signed at Berwick-upon-Tweed under which Scotland's nobility agreed to pay 100, 000 marks ( to be paid at the rate of 10, 000 marks per year ) as a ransom for their king.

While once referred to as Scotch-Irish by several researchers, that has now been superseded by the term Ulster Scots.

In the following years, successive Kings of Scots created several heirs-apparent Earl of Carrick.

Purdon was 14 years old when World War II began and he saw his older brother, Robert, enlist in the Royal Scots regiment and serve as a Commando for several years.

In earlier times, Mary, Queen of Scots stayed at the castle circa 1563 and granted several charters during her visit.