When the Zirids renounced Shia Islam and recognized the Abbasid Caliphate, the Fatimids sent the Arab tribes of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym to Ifriqiya.

The Shia Ismaili caliphate of the Fatimids made Egypt their center, and made Cairo their capital.

They were destroyed by the Shia Fatimids in 909, but their doctrine was re-established further south by refugees whose descendants would ultimately found the towns of the M ' zab valley in the Algerian Sahara, where Ibadhism still dominates.

This led to a power struggle within the Fatimids, and although Nizar's revolt was unsuccessful ( ending with his death in prison ), the break from the rules of succession caused a schism amongst the Ismaili Shia.

The Fatimids of Egypt, who adhered to Shia Islam, conquered Damascus in 970, but few recorded improvements of the mosque were undertaken by the new rulers.

In May 1174, Turan-Shah first conquered Zabid from a Kharijite dynasty and executed its leader Mahdi Abd al-Nabi and later that year Aden was taken from the Shia Banu Karam tribe.

The region has been controlled by numerous different peoples, including Ancient Egyptians, Canaanites, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Ancient Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, the Sunni Arab Caliphates, the Shia Fatimid Caliphate, Crusaders, Ayyubids, Mameluks, Ottomans, the British and modern Israelis and Palestinians.

From the 16th century to the early 18th century, Khorasan was ruled by the Shia Safavid dynasty while the region to the east by the Sunni Khanate of Bukhara and the southeast by the Sunni Mughul Empire.

Most Shia Muslims, particularly the Ismaili reside in the remote Gorno-Badakhshan region as well as certain districts of the southern Khatlon region and in Dushanbe.

Harakat al-Mahrumin ( meaning The Movement of the Deprived or the The Movement of the Dispossessed or The Movement of the Disinherited ) was established by Imam Musa al-Sadr and member of parliament Hussein el-Husseini in 1974, as an attempt to reform the Lebanese system, although the beginnings can be traced to 1969 in declarations by the Imam al-Sadr calling upon peace and equality between all Lebanese confessions and religions, so that no one confession would remain " deprived " in any region in Lebanon, noting that the Shia community in Lebanon remained the poorest and most neglected by the Lebanese government.

The Qatif region is the largest concentration of Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia ; less than 3 % of Qatif are Sunni Muslims.

In Uttar Pradesh, it was used for all Pashtuns, except for the Shia Bangashes who settled in the Rohilkhand region, or men serving under Rohilla chiefs.

In Uttar Pradesh, it was used for all Pashtuns, except for the Shia Bangashes who settled in the Rohilkhand region, or men serving under Rohilla chiefs.

Also academics note that since much of what is known about Manichaeism comes from later 10th and 11th Century CE Islamic historians like Al-Biruni and especially the Shia Muslim Persian historian Ibn al-Nadim ( and his work Fihrist ); " Islamic authors ascribed to Mani the claim to be the Seal of the Prophets " This topic is discussed by an Israeli academic Guy G. Stroumsa

* September 8 – Ali al-Hadi, 10th Shia Imam ( d. 868 )

There is generally greater latitude for Shia ulamā, insofar as the principle of independent reasoning ( ijtihād, from the same root as mujtahid ) in matters of religious law remains valid in Shi ' i jurisprudence, whereas it is deemed to have ended in Sunnism as far back as the 10th century ( though it is now reckoned that this perception of the desuetude or " closing of the door " of ijtihad did not always apply ).

Hussein ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib ( also spelled Hussayn ) ()‎ ( 8 January 626 CE – 10 October 680 CE ) ( 3rd Sha ' aban 4 AH – 10th Muharram 61 AH ) was the son of Ali ibn Abi Ṭalib ( final Rashidun Caliph and first Shia Imam ) and Fatimah Zahra ( daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad ) and the younger brother of Hasan ibn Ali.

Academics note that since much of what is known about Manichaeism comes from later 10th and 11th Century CE Islamic historians like Al-Biruni and especially the Shia Muslim Persian historian Ibn al-Nadim ( and his work Fihrist ); " Islamic authors ascribed to Mani the claim to be the Seal of the Prophets " This topic is discussed by an Israeli academic Guy G. Stroumsa

* the followers of Shia sect in Islam on the 9th and 10th days of the Muharram ( First Month in the Islamic Calendar ), to mourn the death of Hussain Who was the son of Hazrat Ali and Sayyeda Fatima ( The daughter of Muhammad )

* 827: Ali al-Hadi, the 10th Shia Imam is born.

* For Shia Muslims, the Day of Ashura, 10th of Muharram in the Hijri calendar.

* Ali al-Hadi, also known as Ali al-Naqi, the 10th Shia Imam

Abdullah Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn ( April, 61 AH-Tenth of Muharram the 10th of October, 61 AH ) was the youngest child of Husayn ibn Ali ( the grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the third Shia Imam ) and Rubab ( the daughter of the chief of the Kinda Imra al-Qays tribe ).

The Druze (, plural دروز, durūz, druzim ) are a monotheistic religious community, found primarily in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan, which emerged during the 11th century from Ismailism school of Shia Islam.

Olivier Roy argues that " Sunni pan-Islamism underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century " when the Muslim Brotherhood movement and focus on Islamistation of pan-Arabism was eclipsed by the Salafi movement with its emphasis on " sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions ," and rejection of Shia Islam.

In its harshest form it preached that Muslims should not only " always oppose " infidels " in every way ," but " hate them for their religion ... for Allah's sake ," that democracy " is responsible for all the horrible wars of the 20th century ," that Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims were infidels, etc.

The largest Shia sect in the early 21st century is the Ithna ashariyya, commonly referred to in English as the Twelvers, while smaller branches include the Ismaili (" Seveners ") and Zaidi (" Fivers ").

There are very few marāji ' at any time, though on a number of occasions since the 19th century, the title has come to rest on a single individual for the entire Shia world.

Still, some Yemeni Jews considered Muhammad a true prophet, including Natan ' el al-Fayyumi, a major 12th century rabbi who incorporated various Shia doctrines into his view of Judaism.

* Khurramites, a 9th century religious and political movement based on the 8th century teachings of Sunpadh, who preached a syncretism of Shia Islam and Zoroastrianism.

A minority group, the Pamiris, are members of a much smaller denomination of Shia Islam, Ismailism, which first won adherents in Central Asia in the early tenth century.

There was a revolt against Saladin as sultan in the last quarter of the 12th century, and Shia Muslims began to persecute the Jewish faith in the Yemen at this time.

A Kara Koyunlu Shia Muslim, Quli Qutb Shah migrated to Delhi with some of his relatives and friends in the beginning of the 16th century.

Although after the Arab invasion of Persia in the 7th century, many Arab tribes settled in different parts of Iran, it is the Arab tribes of Khuzestan that have retained their identity in language, culture, and Shia Islam to the present day.

From the early 18th century onwards, the Banu Kaab began converting from Sunni to Shia Islam.

Religious leaders of the Zaydi sect of Shia Islam expelled forces of the Ottoman Empire from what is now northern Yemen by the middle of the 17th century but, within a century, the unity of Yemen was fractured due to the difficulty of governing Yemen's mountainous terrain.

Initially the Shia ulema did not voice dissent about the religious stance of the monarch, but during the following century they were able to impose a stricter version of Shia Islam on both the population and the state.

The state became a focal point for Shia Islam in India, for instance in the 17th century Bahraini clerics, Sheikh Ja ` far bin Kamal al-Din and Sheikh Salih Al-Karzakani both emigrated to Golkonda.

Narrators who took the side of Abu Bakr and Umar rather than Ali, in the disputes over leadership that followed the death of Muhammad, are seen as unreliable by the Shia ; narrations sourced to Ali and the family of Muhammad, and to their supporters, are preferred.

By 1975, Lebanon was a religiously and ethnically diverse country with most dominant groups of Maronite Christians and Lebanese Sunni and Shia Arabs ; with significant minorities of Druze, Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians and Palestinian Arab refugees and their descendants.

However, mosque bombings have not been exclusive to Iraq ; in June 2005, a suicide bomber killed at least 19 people at an Afghan Shia mosque near Jade Maivand.

Although the majority of sects within Judaism, Christianity and Islam do not believe that individuals reincarnate, particular groups within these religions do refer to reincarnation ; these groups include the mainstream historical and contemporary followers of Kabbalah, the Cathars, and the Shia sects such as the Alawi Shias and the Druze and the Rosicrucians.

* 1021: the ruling Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah disappears suddenly, possibly assassinated by his own sister Sitt al-Mulk, which leads to the open persecution of the Druze by Ismaili Shia ; the Druze proclaimed that Al-Hakim went into hiding ( ghayba ), whereupon he would return as the Mahdi savior.

He also forced al-Azhar to issue a fatwa readmitting Shia Muslims, Alawites, and Druze into mainstream Islam ; for centuries before, al-Azhar deemed them as " heretics " and non-Muslims.

The relationship between various Bahraini communities and Iran is not as straight forward as it might at first seem ; while Shia Bahrainis share a degree of religious affinity with Iran, they tend to be acutely conscious of their Arab identity and hence particularly sensitive to suggestions of dual loyalty ( as Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak ’ s found in 2006 when he claim that Shia Arabs in the Persian Gulf were an “ Iranian fifth column ”; his views created a storm of criticism in Bahrain, with the deputy speaker of parliament calling on him to apologise ).

( ; ; ) is the second largest branch of Shia Islam after the Twelvers ().

This meeting did not include some of those with a strong interest in the matter — especially Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law ; people who wanted Ali to be the caliph ( ruler ) ( later known as Shia ) still consider Abu Bakr an illegitimate leader and caliphate.

Seyyed Mohammad Khatami (, ; born September 29, 1943 ) is an Iranian scholar, Shia theologian, and Reformist politician.

Majid was first sentenced to hang in 2007 for his role in a 1988 military campaign against ethnic Kurds, codenamed Operation Anfal ; in 2008 he also twice received a death sentence for his crimes against the Iraqi Shia Muslims, in particular for his role in crushing the 1991 uprisings in southern Iraq and his involvement in the 1999 killings in the Sadr City ( then Saddam City ) district of Baghdad.

Firstly, because of his involvement in the Battle of Siffin against Ali, whom the Shia Muslims believe was Muhammad's true successor ( see Succession to Muhammad ); secondly, for the breaking of the treaty he made with Hasan ibn Ali, after the death of Hassan ibn Ali, one of broken terms being appointing his son Yazid as his successor ; thirdly, on account of his responsibility for the killing of Hasan ibn Ali by alluring his wife Ja ' dah binte Ash ' as to poison him ; and fourthly by distorting Islam to match his unislamic rule.

From the Shia point of view and that of many Sunnis-as has been recorded in Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, in a hadith narrated by Abdullah ibn Umar-Imam Hasan ibn Ali did not sign the treaty with Muawiyah because he liked him ; rather, he did so to prevent even worse bloodshed than had already happened at Siffin.

King Faisal acknowledged his country ’ s religious and cultural diversity, which includes the predominantly Shia Ahsa in the east ; the Asir in the southwest, with tribal affinities to Yemen, especially among the Ismaili tribes of Najran and Jizan ; and the Kingdom of the Hejaz, with its capital Mecca.

* Under the unwritten National Pact, the president must always be a Maronite Christian ; the prime minister a Sunni Muslim ; the speaker of Parliament a Shia Muslim ; and the deputy speaker Greek Orthodox.

The Shia United Iraqi Alliance obtained a majority, followed by the Kurdish Alliance ; Sunnis largely boycotted.

The Taliban repressed minority populations, particularly the Shia, as a retaliation in which approximately 2, 500 Taliban soldiers were massacred by Abdul Malik and his Shia followers ; attacked the Iranian embassy, killing eight diplomats and a television reporter, claiming them as spies.