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The Songhai ( also Songhay or Sonrai ) are west Africans who speak Songhai languages, the lingua franca of the Songhai Empire which dominated the western Sahel in the 15th and 16th century.
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Songhai and also
Songhai was also weakened by internal discord, which led to factional warfare.
Arquebuses were also used in the Moroccan victory over the Songhai Empire at the Battle of Tondibi in 1590.
He has since also helped release records from Adam's Junior and from Mamar Kassey, perhaps the best known Nigerien group outside the country, who combine traditional Songhai styles and modern jazz.
The Mandinka, Malinke ( also known as Mandinko or Mandingo ) are one of the largest ethnic groups in West Africa with an estimated population of eleven million ( the other 3 major ethnic groups in the region being the non-related Fula, Hausa and Songhai ).
The Songhai Empire, also known as the Songhay Empire, was a state located in western Africa.
Hombori remains a focus of Songhai Empire traditions but was also a strategic point for the conquest of southern Mali by the Songhai successor states.
Songhai and Songhay
Askiya Nuhu and the Songhay army regrouped at Dendi in the heart of Songhai territory where a spirited guerrilla resistance sapped the resources of the Moroccans, who were dependent upon constant resupply from Morocco.
* 1462: Sonni Ali Ber, the ruler of the Songhai ( or Songhay ) Empire, along the Niger River, conquers Mali in the central Sudan by defeating the Tuareg contingent at Tombouctou ( or Timbuktu ) and capturing the city.
The Songhay or Songhai languages ( pronounced, or are found in the cities of Timbuktu and Gao and are a group of closely related languages / dialects.
The name Songhai is historically neither an ethnic nor a linguistic designation, but a name for the ruling caste of the Songhay Empire.
Koyra Chiini (, literally " town language "), or Western Songhay, is a variety of Songhai in Mali, spoken by about 200, 000 people ( as of 1999 ) along the Niger River in Timbuktu and upriver from it in the towns of Diré, Tonka, Goundam, and Niafunké, as well as in the Saharan town of Araouane to its north.
Songhai and are
The Songhai people are descended from fishermen on the Middle Niger River.
Koman and Gumuz remain poorly attested, and so are difficult to work with, while arguments continue over the inclusion of Songhai.
The slat idiophone bala, the 6-string doson n ' goni ( hunter's lute-harp ) and its popular version the 6-12 string kamel n ' goni, the soku ( gourd / lizard skin / horse hair violin adopted from the Songhai, soku literally means " horse tail "), and the modern guitar are all instruments commonly found in the Bamana repertoire.
The Songhai are thought to have settled at Gao as early as 800 CE, but did not establish it as the capital until the 11th century, during the reign of Dia Kossoi.
While French has been the cross cultural language of choice since independence, there are eight other official languages spoken in Niger, which include Hausa, Zarma / Songhai, Tamajeq, Fulfulde, Kanuri, Arabic, Gurmantche, and Toubou.
The Songhai are found primarily throughout Mali in the Western sudanic region ( not the country ).
Morgan Freeman and Kimberly Elise are some notable descendants of the Songhai.
Sometimes, large calabashes are simply hollowed, dried and used as percussion instruments, especially by Fulani, Songhai, Gur-speaking and Hausa peoples.
Praise songs are accompanied by kettledrums and kalangu talking drums, along with the kakaki, a kind of long trumpet derived from that used by the Songhai cavalry.
They are known as having been among the first on the continent to produce woven textiles ( by a process known as strip-weaving ), and as the founders of the Ghana Empire and Mali Empire, as well as being responsible for the expansion of the Songhai Empire across West Africa.
French art historian Jean Laude wrote that " In the pre-Islamic period ( before the ninth century ), according to oral tradition, Mauritania was occupied by the Bafur, a population of mixed origin from whom the eastern Songhai, the central Gangara, and the western Serer are derived.
Songhai and west
Throughout the 16th century much of northern Nigeria paid homage to Songhai in the west or to Borno, a rival empire in the east.
They were constantly pressured by Songhai to the west and Kanem-Borno to the east, to which they paid tribute.
Concurrently the Saifawa Dynasty of Borno conquered Kanem and extended control west to Hausa cities not under Songhai authority.
Smaller states in the region at this time included Takrur to the west, the Malinke kingdom of Mali to the south, and the Songhai centred around Gao to the east.
Sunni Ali was the first king of the Songhai Empire, located in west Africa and the 15th ruler of the Sonni dynasty.
Songhai and who
* 1492: The death of Sunni Ali Ber left a leadership void in the Songhai Empire, and his son was soon dethroned by Mamadou Toure who ascended the throne in 1492 under the name Askia ( meaning " general ") Muhammad.
* Judar Pasha ( late 16th century ): a Spanish eunuch who became the head of the Moroccan invasion force into the Songhai Empire.
The region around the capital of Niamey is inhabited by Djerma and Songhai who play, generally solo, a variety of lutes ( Molo ), flutes and fiddles, and like the Fula, carry on the griot tradition of caste-based praise singers and musicians.
It is named after a legendary warrior who extended the Songhai Empire into the Sahara.
Songhai and speak
The Songhai speak a Nilo-Saharan language.
Songhai and languages
Songhai is markedly divergent, probably due to massive influence from the Mande languages.
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* Songhai languages
Common languages of the area include Bambara, Dogon, Songhai, Bozo, Fulani and Tamashek.
( 2008: 843 ) And later, In summarizing the current state of knowledge, ... the following language families or phyla can be identified — ... Mande, Songhai, Ubangian, Kadu, and the Coman languages plus Gumuz.
Unlike most Songhai languages, Koyra Chiini has no phonemic tones, and has subject – verb – object word order rather than subject – object – verb.
Songhai and Empire
The most successful of these was the Songhai Empire, expanding its power from about 1460, and eventually surpassing the Mali Empire in both territory and wealth.
In 1545 to 1546, the Songhai Empire took Niani.
The Songhai Empire, c. 1500
In 1591, Morocco invaded the Songhai Empire under Ahmad al-Mansur of the Saadi Dynasty in order to secure the goldfields of the Sahel.
The Bambara Empire, one of the states that broke from Songhai, sacked Gao.
In the latter half of the 16th century, Mai Idris Alooma modernized its military, in contrast to the Songhai Empire.
** Songhai emperors, see Songhai Empire
Present-day Mali was once part of three West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire ( from which Mali is named ), and the Songhai Empire.
The empire later declined as a result of internal intrigue, ultimately being supplanted by the Songhai Empire.
In the late 14th century, the Songhai gradually gained independence from the Mali Empire and expanded, ultimately subsuming the entire eastern portion of the Mali Empire.
The fall of the Songhai Empire marked the end of the region's role as a trading crossroads.
After the collapse of the Songhai Empire, no single state controlled the region.
The Songhai Empire at its greatest extent, c. 1500.
* Songhai Empire
The Songhai Empire, c. 1500
Following the breakup of Mali a local leader named Sonni Ali ( 1464 – 1492 ) founded the Songhai Empire in the region of middle Niger and the western Sudan and took control of the trans-Saharan trade.
During the 16th century the Songhai Empire reached its peak, stretching from the Senegal and Gambia rivers and incorporating part of Hausaland in the east.
Spread along the Niger River in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger, throughout the historic Songhai Empire, including its former capital Gao and the well-known city of Timbuktu.
Before the arrival of European settlers, the history of the Saharan region is mainly characterized by the consolidation of settlements in large state entities – the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire and the Songhai Empire.
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