* 1961 – The Russian ( Soviet ) cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human to travel into outer space and perform the first manned orbital flight, in Vostok 3KA-2 ( Vostok 1 ).

In November 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected president after a campaign that promised American superiority over the Soviet Union in the fields of space exploration and missile defense.

On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to fly in space, reinforcing American fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the Soviet Union.

* 1967 – Soviet space program: Soyuz 1 ( Russian: Союз 1, Union 1 ) is a manned spaceflight, Launched into orbit carrying cosmonaut Colonel Vladimir Komarov.

On the Soviet side, Premier Nikita Khrushchev wrote in a letter to Kennedy that his blockade of " navigation in international waters and air space " constituted " an act of aggression propelling humankind into the abyss of a world nuclear-missile war ".

For example, NASA's workhorse space shuttle used cryogenic hydrogen / oxygen propellant as its primary means of getting into orbit, and all of the rockets built for the Soviet space program by Sergei Korolev used liquid oxygen as their oxidiser.

Additionally, the costs of superpower status — the military, space program, subsidies to client states — were out of proportion to the Soviet economy.

On the whole, Eisenhower's support of the embryonic space program was lukewarm until the Soviet launch of Sputnik.

Due to the different designs of the spacecraft, the American and Soviet space programs define the duration of an EVA differently.

* The first metalwork in open space consisting in works of welding, brazing and metal spraying were conducted by cosmonauts Svetlana Savitskaya and Vladimir Dzhanibekov of the Soviet Union on July 25, 1984.

Hitler called for irredentist German claims to be reclaimed along with the creation of German lebensraum (" living space ") in Eastern Europe, including territories held by the Soviet Union, that would be colonized by Germans.

During an international space symposium in May 1966, attended by space scientists from the United States and Soviet Union, he first proposed that manned landings on the moons would be a logical step after a manned landing on the Earth's moon.

The successful development of the Soviet nuclear program enabled the country to become the world's second nuclear weapons power ; the later Soviet space program began as a spin-off of the nuclear project.

* 1973 – Soviet Mars 5 space probe launched.

* 1967 – The United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union sign the Outer Space Treaty in Washington, D. C., banning deployment of nuclear weapons in space, and limiting use of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes.

* 1963 – Soviet Space Program: Vostok 6 Mission – Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space.

* 1985 – Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency launches Sakigake, Japan's first interplanetary spacecraft and the first deep space probe to be launched by any country other than the United States or the Soviet Union.

* 1973 – Soviet space mission Luna 21 is launched.

* 1969 – Soviet spacecraft Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 perform the first-ever docking of manned spacecraft in orbit, the first-ever transfer of crew from one space vehicle to another, and the only time such a transfer was accomplished with a space walk.

His works later inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers such as Sergey Korolyov and Valentin Glushko and contributed to the success of the Soviet space program.

As things turned out, however, we have not profited greatly from the lesson: instead of persistently following a national program of our own we have often been satisfied to be against whatever Soviet policy seemed to be at the moment.

The effect of Chou En-lai's clash with Khrushchev, together with the everlasting attacks on Molotov & Co., has shifted the whole attention of the world, including that of the Soviet people, from the `` epoch-making '' twenty-year program to the present Soviet-Chinese conflict.

* 1960 – Sputnik program: Korabl-Sputnik 2 – the Soviet Union launches the satellite with the dogs Belka and Strelka, 40 mice, 2 rats and a variety of plants.

Category: Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union

Major public proof of the Soviet program, called Biopreparat, came when Dr. Kanatjan Alibekov, its first deputy director, defected to the U. S. in 1992.

In a June 5, 1947 speech, comporting with the Truman Doctrine, Marshall announced a comprehensive program of American assistance to all European countries wanting to participate, including the Soviet Union and those of Eastern Europe, called the Marshall Plan.

When the Soviet Union was the only member state which refused to sign, the U. S. embarked on a massive nuclear weapons testing, development, and deployment program.

The Afghan war and the Soviet response to Mr. Reagan's Star Wars program caused only a relatively small rise in defense costs.

To restructure the Soviet administrative command system and implement a transition to a market-based economy, Yeltsin's shock program was employed within days of the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

The Elektronika MK-52 calculator ( using the extended B3-34 command set, and featuring internal EEPROM memory for storing programs and external interface for EEPROM cards and other periphery ) was used in Soviet spacecraft program ( for Soyuz TM-7 flight ) as a backup of the board computer.

The Explorer program was later reestablished to catch up with the Soviet Union after that nation's launch of Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957.

Shipments to the Soviet Union under the Lend-Lease program numbered at least 30, 000.

Things changed in 1953 with the Soviet testing of their first hydrogen bomb, but it was not until 1954 that the Atlas missile program was given the highest national priority.

* 1966 – The Soviet Union launches the unmanned Luna 9 spacecraft as part of the Luna program.

Still more settlers came in the late 1960s and 1970s, when the government paid handsome bonuses to workers participating in a program to relocate Soviet industry close to the extensive coal, gas, and oil deposits of Central Asia.

On January 16, 1969, the Soviet Union achieved the first EVA crew transfer from one spacecraft to another when Aleksei Yeliseyev and Yevgeny Khrunov transferred from Soyuz 5 to Soyuz 4, which were docked together.

While thousands of political prisoners and many dissidents were released in the spirit of glasnost, Gorbachev's original goal of using glasnost and perestroika to reform the Soviet Union was not achieved.

The Luftwaffe achieved huge operational successes, destroying thousands of Soviet aircraft.

For several years the Afghan army had actually increased their effectiveness past levels ever achieved during the Soviet military presence.

Single-stage-to-orbit has been achieved from the Moon by both the Apollo program's Lunar Module and several robotic spacecraft of the Soviet Luna programme ; the lower lunar gravity and absence of any significant atmosphere makes this much easier than from Earth.

In 1968, at the third IAEA International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research at Novosibirsk, Soviet scientists announced that they had achieved electron temperatures of over 1000 eV in a tokamak device.

The ( 1932 – 1933 ) achieved some early successes, but Chiang ’ s armies were badly mauled when they tried to penetrate into the heart of Mao ’ s Soviet Chinese Republic.

In 1961, US President John F. Kennedy gave a speech before the UN General Assembly where he announced the US " intention to challenge the Soviet Union, not to an arms race, but to a peace race-to advance together step by step, stage by stage, until general and complete disarmament has been achieved.

When Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Gustaf V tried to write a private letter to Hitler thanking him for taking care of the " Bolshevik pest " and congratulating him on his " already achieved victories ".

At the moment, Jūrmala has almost achieved the popularity that it experienced by the Soviet elite.

When the issue was voted on, Transjordan's application achieved the required total number of votes, but was vetoed by the Soviet Union which did not approve membership of any countries with which it did not have diplomatic relations.

Over the next 10 years, Goddard's rockets achieved modest altitudes of nearly two kilometers, and interest in rocketry increased in the United States, Britain, Germany, and the Soviet Union.

Other firsts were achieved on Gemini 3: two people flew aboard an American spacecraft ( the Soviet Union launched a three-man crew on Voskhod 1 in 1964 and a two-man crew just a few days earlier on Voskhod 2, upstaging the two-man Gemini and three-man Apollo programs ), and the first manned reentry where the spacecraft was able to produce lift to change its touchdown point.

He finished second in the Kiev Championship when he was only 15, and achieved the Soviet Master title at age 16 for his second-place result in the 1940 Ukrainian Chess Championship, behind Isaac Boleslavsky, with whom he became close friends both on and off the chessboard.

Some Soviet jet fighter prototypes of the late-1940s / early-1950s era included cannon mounted in the nose that were capable of being trained in elevation, however none achieved production status.

However, as a result of the complete dominance the new communist leadership achieved after the fourth counter encirclement campaign, the Red Army was nearly halved, with most its equipment lost during Chiang's fifth encirclement campaign, started in 1933 and orchestrated by his German advisors, that involved the systematic encirclement of the Jiangxi Soviet region with fortified blockhouses.

His efforts to obtain aid from the Western democracies were fruitless, however, and in 1920 he turned to the Soviet Union, which had recently achieved its own revolution.

In the run-up to World War II Russia's foreign policy centered around the idea of National Bolshevism, through which the Bolshevik political elite in Russia sought to instigate and support communist-nationalist revolutions around the world, most notably in Hungary and Germany, and then absorb the newly independent areas into a Soviet commonwealth — a goal that was achieved after World War II with the Warsaw Pact.

The latter achieved great popularity in the Soviet Union in Russian and Ukrainian translations, and were made into several animated films.

Though his work was largely ignored by the official Soviet cultural establishment, he achieved remarkable fame during his lifetime, and to this day exerts significant influence on many of Russia's popular musicians and actors who wish to emulate his iconic status.

In the Trident system this was achieved by a single camera that was trained to spot just one star in its expected position ( it is believed that the missiles from Soviet submarines would track two separate stars to achieve this ), if it was not quite aligned to where it should be then this would indicate that the inertial system was not precisely on target and a correction would be made.

Due to Novotný's devotion to Nikita Khrushchev and oneupmanship among other Eastern Bloc countries, Czechoslovakia was declared the first country after " our great ally, the fraternal Union of Soviet Socialist Republics " which achieved socialism ( 3 years before Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and 5 before Socialist Republic of Romania ).

Founded in 1776, the Bolshoi is among the world's oldest ballet companies ; it only achieved worldwide acclaim, however, in the early 20th century, when Moscow became the capital of Soviet Russia.

The Psychology of Personal Constructs was published in 1955 and achieved immediate international recognition, gaining him visiting appointments at various universities in the U. S. A. as well as in Europe, the former Soviet Union, South America, the Caribbean, and Asia.