Chile was the least wealthy realm of the Spanish Crown for most of its colonial history.

What started as an elitist political movement against their colonial master, finally ended as a full-fledged civil war between pro-Independence Criollos who sought political and economic independence from Spain and royalist Criollos, who supported the continued allegiance to and permanence within the Spanish Empire of the Kingdom of Chile.

Trade restrictions and monopolies established by the Spanish crown are credited for having held back economic development for much of the colonial times.

During most of the colonial period, Costa Rica was the southernmost province of the Captaincy General of Guatemala, which was nominally part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( i. e., Mexico ), but which in practice operated as a largely autonomous entity within the Spanish Empire.

The small landowners ' relative poverty, the lack of a large indigenous labor force, the population's ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society.

Pressure from London sugar merchants fearing a decline in sugar prices forced a series of negotiations with the Spanish over colonial territories.

Columbus's strained relationship with the Spanish crown and its appointed colonial administrators in America led to his arrest and dismissal as governor of the settlements on the island of Hispaniola in 1500, and later to protracted litigation over the benefits which Columbus and his heirs claimed were owed to them by the crown.

The Spanish colonial rule posited, according to Cahill, that the character and quality of people varied according to their color, race and origin of ethnic types.

Both the Spanish colonial state and the Church expected higher tax and proportionate tribute payments from those of darker color and lower socio-racial categories.

The sugar mill owners soon formed a new colonial elite, and convinced the Spanish king to allow them to elect the members of the Real Audiencia from their ranks.

Thus, this early revolt against colonial rule ( one of the first in Spanish America ) was, paradoxically, an expression of loyalty to the Spanish king.

The second chapter in Ecuador's struggle for emancipation from Spanish colonial rule began in Guayaquil, where independence was proclaimed in October 1820 by a local patriotic junta under the leadership of the poet José Joaquín de Olmedo.

Most White Ecuadorans are of colonial era Spanish origin, also known as criollos ( literally meaning " localSpaniards ", as opposed to " Peninsulares ", which were Spaniards born in the Iberian Peninsula in Spain ).

During colonial times, the Spanish decided that El Salvador would produce and export indigo, but after the invention of synthetic dyes in the 19th century, Salvadoran authorities and the newly created modern state turned to coffee as the main export of the economy.

Since then, the country has had two presidents: Francisco Macías Nguema, the former mayor of Mongomo under the Spanish colonial government, and Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo ( Macías's nephew ), who has ruled since 1979 when he staged a military coup d ' état and executed Macías.

In Spanish colonial times, Guatemala City was a small town.

The decline culminated in the War of Spanish Succession, which ended with the relegation of Spain to the status of a second rate western power, although it remained, with Russia, the leading colonial power of the 18th century.

In 1899, Spain sold its remaining Pacific islands — the Northern Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands and Palau — to Germany and Spanish colonial possessions were reduced to Spanish Morocco, Spanish Sahara and Spanish Guinea, all in Africa.

Gold was mined by the Spanish in early colonial times.

The 1907 Catholic Encyclopedia states, " A review Spanish occupation is one which reflects very little credit on Spanish colonial administration in those days.

Category: Spanish historians

Her reign is famous for the defeat of the Armada, and for successful raids against the Spanish, such as those on Cádiz in 1587 and 1596, but some historians point to military failures on land and at sea.

: However, it is claimed by present-day historians, both Spanish and British, that this version is apocryphal since no contemporary source accounts it.

Many historians have attributed this to the influence and backing of the Spanish King.

Category: Spanish historians

Along with an archaeological record that suggests the consumption of a food similar to ceviche nearly 2, 000 years ago, historians believe the predecessor to the dish was brought to Peru by Moorish women from Granada who accompanied the Spanish conquistadors and colonizers, and this dish eventually evolved into what now is considered ceviche.

An alternate, although not so plausible account ( no obvious correlation between its dissemination in Asia and Spanish presence or trade routes ), defended mostly by Spanish historians was that from Mexico, at the time a Spanish colony, chili peppers spread into their other colony the Philippines and from there to India, China, Indonesia, Korea and Japan.

The design of the current Chilean flag is commonly attributed to Bernardo O ' Higgins's Minister of War, José Ignacio Zenteno, having been designed by the Spanish soldier Antonio Arcos, although historians argue that is was Gregorio de Andía y Varela who drew it.

The conflict is regarded by some historians as one of the first national wars and is also significant for the emergence of large scale guerrilla warfare ( guerrilla means " little war " in Spanish, from which the English language borrowed the word ).

According to Dana Point historians Baum and Burnes ,* Eldridge favored two dominant characteristics in his homes, a typically Spanish roof line and the use of large ceiling beams in the houses ' main rooms.

Local historians said the main residents of pre-1950 Palm Desert were Cahuilla Indian farmers of the now extinct San Cayetano tribe, but a few members of the Montoya family of Cahuilla / Spanish descent were prominent leaders in civic life.

Some historians believe they were murdered by bandits who also robbed their money, while others believe the killings could have been related to their loyalty to the Spanish government.

According to historians Michael C. Meyer and William L. Sherman, early in the 16th century Spanish colonial usage of the term, mestizo " was almost synonymous with bastard " ( illegitimate child ).

Filipino historians note that because of the rocky outcroppings, and coral near the beach, the Spanish soldiers could not land on Mactan.

Some historians have argued that the historians trying to correct for anti-Spanish bias in the description of Spanish colonialism went too far in the opposite direction andto the degree that they created a White Legend describing Spain's history in an exaggeratedly positive way.

But also American historians of the 19th and 20th centuries, such as John Fiske and Lewis Hanke, have been described as going too far towards idealizing Spanish history in their attempts to counter the Black legend.

Froude turned to writing history, becoming one of the best known historians of his time for his History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada.

This has led some historians to label the Spanish flu a " forgotten pandemic ".

Some historians have blamed the subsequent economic collapse of the Spanish Eastern Mediterranean coast on the region's inability to replace Morisco workers successfully with Christian newcomers.

* " Manifesto for historians regarding the Valley of the Fallen " by Pio Moa, leading Spanish historian about the construction of the monument and the alleged government policy of harassment

A third place was the missions of the Spanish Jesuits on the Paraná River, situated just above the Guaíra Falls in the north, there priests try to evangelize the Indians into their faith, and at the same time to create a social structure of labor and education based on the catholic systems, that some historians perceive as driven by social conscience, other by an agenda of the usual fight for domination of the land.

Subsequent claims by Admiral Cervera, and later research by historians, have suggested that nearly 85 % of the Spanish ammunition at Santiago was utterly useless, either defective or simply filled with sawdust as a cost-saving measure for practice firing.