In about the year 1500 many Spanish, Catalan and Portuguese lutenists adopted vihuela de mano, a viol-shaped instrument tuned like the lute, but both instruments continued in coexistence.

Spanish composers wrote mostly for the vihuela ; their main genres were polyphonic fantasias and differencias ( variations ).

It has structural qualities similar to the Spanish vihuela ; its main separating trait is its larger size.

Within two or three decades, this led to the evolution of an entirely new and dedicated bowed string instrument that retained many of the features of the original plucked vihuela: a flat back, sharp waist-cuts, frets, thin ribs ( initially ), and an identical tuning — hence its original name, vihuela de arco ; arco is Spanish for " bow ".

When the Spanish conquistadores came to South America, they brought the vihuela ( an ancestor of the classical guitar ) with them.

The charango is member of the lute family of instruments and was invented during the Viceroyalty of Peru by musicians imitating the Spanish vihuela.

Plucked vihuela, being essentially flat-backed lutes, evolved in the mid-15th century, in the Kingdom of Aragón ( located in north-eastern Iberia ( Spain ), filling the gap that elsewhere in Europe was taken up by the lute ; for the Spanish the lute was too close to the oud.

The vihuela faded away, along with the complex polyphonic music that was its repertoire, in the late 16th century, along with the other primary instrument of the Spanish Renaissance, the cross-strung harp.

The first person to publish a collection of music for the vihuela was the Spanish composer Luis de Milán, with his volume titled Libro de música de vihuela de mano intitulado El maestro of 1536.

The detail is of a long-necked Spanish vihuela de mano ( or de penola ) with waist-cuts.

This is how we can say with near certainty that the instrument depicted in the Bogia Apts Quadrivium fresco is a Spanish vihuela, even though it appears in an Italian fresco.

Rare image of a soprano vihuela, detail from an anonymous 16th century Spanish painting titled < span lang =" es "> La Virgen con el Niño y San Juanito </ span >.

Bass vihuela, detail from a mid-16th century Spanish painting by Juan de Juanes ( 1523-79 ).

Extremely rare image of a contrabass vihuela, detail from a late 15th or early 16th century Catalan ( Spanish ) fresco, St. Vincent enthroned with music making angels, by the Master of < span lang =" es "> Javierre </ span >.

Tiple virtuoso David Pelham has this to say about the Colombian Tiple: " The tiple is a Colombian adaptation of the Renaissance Spanish vihuela brought to the New World in the 16th century by the Spanish conquistadors.

The origins of the viola caipira are obscure, but evidence suggests it evolved from the vihuela / viola de mano which was taken to the new world by Spanish and Portuguese settlers.

The guitarrón is used in Mexican Mariachi groups, which usually consist of at least two violins, two trumpets, one Spanish guitar, and a vihuela ( a high-pitched, five-string guitar-type instrument ), and the guitarrón.

He considered this book to be the pinnacle of the vihuela school and regarded Fuenllana as the final spokesman for this brief courtly instrumental period in Spanish music.

* Spanish Songs-Historical Live Recording Of The 1954 Madrid Recital ( Rosa Barbany, soprano ; Emilio Pujol vihuela ) ( EMEC Discos ; E-050 )

Previous presentations have been on French, Spanish, Russian, Italian, German and Japanese.

In French, Italian, Spanish and German, alternate history novels are called uchronie.

Adjectives derived from " United States " ( such as United Statesian ) are awkward in English, but similar constructions exist in Spanish ( estadounidense ), Portuguese ( estado-unidense, estadunidense ), Finnish ( yhdysvaltalainen: from Yhdysvallat, United States ), as well as in French ( états-unien ), and Italian ( statunitense ).

There is some documentary proof that the Romans named the hot sulfur springs of Aachen Aquis-Granum, and indeed to this day the city is known in Italian as Aquisgrana, in Spanish as Aquisgrán and in Polish as Akwizgran.

Variants of the name include: Alfonso ( Italian and Spanish ), Alfons ( Catalan, Dutch, German, Polish and Scandinavian ), Afonso ( Portuguese and Galician ), Affonso ( Ancient Portuguese ), Alphonse, Alfonse ( Italian, French and English ), Αλφόνσος Alphonsos ( Greek ), Alphonsus ( Latin ), Alphons ( Dutch ), Alfonsu in ( Leonese ), Alfonsas ( Lithuanian ).

This means that opaque ( if not minimal ) contrasts can occur in languages like Italian ( with the i-like sound of piede ' foot ', appearing in the nucleus:, and that of piano ' slow ', appearing in the syllable onset: ) and Spanish ( with a near minimal pair being abyecto ' abject ' and abierto ' opened ').

It is also similar to the use of quotation marks in many other languages ( including Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Catalan, Dutch and German ).

Argentine cuisine may be described as a cultural blending of Mediterranean influences ( such as those created by Italian and Spanish populations ) within the wide scope of livestock and agricultural products that are abundant in the country.

For long periods, urban areas such as Buenos Aires, Rosario, and Córdoba welcomed European immigrants, including, above all, those of Italian and Spanish descent.

People say that what makes the Argentine pizza unique is the blending of Italian and Spanish cultures.

The Centauro Wheeled Tank Destroyer of the Italian and Spanish Armies, the Chinese anti-tank gun PTL-02 and the French AMX 10 RC heavy armored car are also good examples.

* Baltic Sea is used in English ; in the Baltic languages Latvian ( Baltijas jūra ) and Lithuanian ( Baltijos jūra ); in Latin ( Mare Balticum ) and the Romance languages French ( Mer Baltique ), Italian ( Mar Baltico ), Portuguese ( Mar Báltico ), Romanian ( Marea Baltică ) and Spanish ( Mar Báltico ); in Greek ( Βαλτική Θάλασσα ); in Albanian ( Deti Balltik ); in the Slavic languages Polish ( Morze Bałtyckie or Bałtyk ), Czech ( Baltské moře or Balt ), Croatian ( Baltičko more ), Slovenian ( Baltsko morje ), Bulgarian ( Baltijsko More ( Балтийско море ), Kashubian ( Bôłt ), Macedonian ( Балтичко Море / Baltičko More ), Ukrainian ( Балтійське море (" Baltijs ' ke More "), Belarusian ( Балтыйскае мора (" Baltyjskaje Mora "), Russian ( Балтийское море (" Baltiyskoye Morye ") and Serbian ( Балтичко море / Baltičko more ); in the Hungarian language ( Balti-tenger ); and also in Basque ( Itsaso Baltikoa )

Another book using that same title, the " Gospel of Barnabas ", survives in two post-medieval manuscripts in Italian and Spanish.

Other dance styles, such as the Italian and Spanish dances of the period are much less well studied than either English country dance or the French style.

The word borough derives from common Germanic * burg, meaning fort: compare with bury ( England ), burgh ( Scotland ), Burg ( Germany ), borg ( Scandinavia ), burcht ( Dutch ) and the Germanic borrowing present in neighbouring Indo-european languages such as borgo ( Italian ), bourg ( French ) and burgo ( Spanish and Portuguese ).

A number of other European languages have cognate words that were borrowed from the Germanic languages during the Middle Ages, including brog in Irish, bwr or bwrc, meaning " wall, rampart " in Welsh, bourg in French, burg in Catalan ( in Catalonia there is a town named Burg ), borgo in Italian, and burgo in Spanish ( hence the place-name Burgos ).

The idea of being " born again in Christ " inspired some common European forenames: French René / Renée ( also used in the Netherlands ), Dutch Renaat / Renate, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese Renato / Renata, Latin Renatus / Renata, which all mean " reborn ", " born again ".

European ancestors also include Spanish and Italian seamen who were granted land by the Portuguese Empire, followed by Portuguese settlers, exiles, and Portuguese Jews who were victims of the Inquisition.

Christopher Columbus ( Italian: Cristoforo Colombo ; Spanish: Cristóbal Colón ; before 31 October 145120 May 1506 ) was an explorer, navigator, and colonizer, born in the Republic of Genoa, in what is today northwestern Italy.

Category: Spanish people of Italian descent

69. 4 % spoke English, 6. 9 % Spanish, 3. 2 % Chinese or Mandarin, 3. 0 % Portuguese, 2. 9 % French Creole, 2. 3 % French, 1. 5 % Korean, and 1. 0 % Italian as their first language.

* In Italian musical terms used in English, it means " with " ( con means " with " in both Italian and Spanish as the word derives from Latin )

French, Native American, Caribbean, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and African culinary influences can be detected in Cajun food.