Although large Chinese bridges of wooden construction existed at the time of the Warring States, the oldest surviving stone bridge in China is the Zhaozhou Bridge, built from 595 to 605 AD during the Sui Dynasty.

In 589, Sui annexed the last Southern Dynasty, Chen, through military force, and put an end to the era of Southern and Northern Dynasties.

The Sui Dynasty: The Unification of China.

The Chinese hanghui probably existed already during the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC-AD 220 ), but certainly they were present in the Sui Dynasty ( 589-618 AD ).

This text and its thirty-three manifestations of Guanyin, of which seven are female manifestations, is known to have been very popular in Chinese Buddhism as early as in the Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty.

They refer to themselves as the Hlai people, but they are sometimes colloquially known as " Sai " or " Say ", and during the Sui Dynasty they were known by the name Liliao.

This can be most clearly seen in the use of standardized " imperial examinations " to determine entry into the official class, which began in the Sui Dynasty.

In China, the Sui Dynasty was replaced by the Tang Dynasty, which set up its military bases from Korea to Central Asia, and was next to the Arabian later.

After being divided for more than 150 years into the Southern and Northern Dynasties, China was reunited under the Sui Dynasty toward the end of the 6th century.

* 589: China reunified under the Sui Dynasty ( 589 – 618 ).

* Emperor Wen of Sui, founder and first emperor of Chinese Sui Dynasty

Empress Deng Sui placed her son Shang Di ( barely 3 months old ) on the throne, as the fifth emperor of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.

* The historical texts of the Book of Northern Qi, Book of Chen, and Book of Sui are compiled in China during the Tang Dynasty.

* Emperor Yang Guang of the Sui Dynasty orders the capital to be transferred from Chang ' an to Luoyang, and orders the Grand Canal to be built.

* The Chinese Zhaozhou Bridge is completed under the Sui Dynasty, the earliest known fully stone open-spandrel segmental arch bridge in the world.

* The tax census of the Sui Dynasty government in China records roughly 9 million registered households in the empire, a population size of roughly 50 million people.

* Lu Sui, chancellor under the Tang Dynasty

* The Chen Dynasty ends ; Jiankang ( Nanjing ), the last of the Southern dynasties, is completely destroyed ; China is reunited under the Sui Dynasty.

* Xiao Mohe, general of the Chen Dynasty and Sui Dynasty ( d. 604 )

Founded by Emperor Wen of Sui, the Sui Dynasty capital was at Chang ' an ( which was renamed Daxing ).

Weakened by costly and disastrous military campaigns against Goguryeo ( in modern day Korea ) which ended with the defeat of Sui in the early seventh century, the dynasty disintegrated through a combination of popular revolts, disloyalty, and assassination.

During the last few years of the Sui Dynasty, the rebellion that rose against it took many of China's able-bodied men from rural farms and other occupations, which in turn damaged the agricultural base and the economy further.

The aggressive statesman Fan Sui ( 范雎 ), however, soon came to power as prime minister even as the problem of the succession was resolved, and he began an expansionist policy that had originated in Jin and Qi, which prompted the Qin to attempt to conquer the other states.

* Sui, which means " years of age " in Chinese age reckoning

Hubei, which is in southern China, remained under southern rule for this entire period, until the reunification of China by the Sui Dynasty in 589.

The Sui Dynasty reestablished unity and rebuilt and expanded the Grand Canal of China, which linked Hangzhou to the North China Plain, providing Zhejiang with a vital link to the other centers of Chinese civilization.

Ancient Chinese education also has a long history ; ever since the Sui Dynasty ( 581 – 618 CE ) educated candidates prepared for the Imperial examinations which drafted exam graduates into government as scholar-bureaucrats.

This system was reversed during the short-lived Sui Dynasty ( 581 – 618 ), which initiated a civil service bureaucracy recruited through written examinations and recommendation.

The Tang Chang ' an hence, was 8 times the size of the Ming Xi ' an, which was reconstructed upon the premise of the former imperial quarter of the Sui and Tang city.

In 582, Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty sited a new region southeast of the much ruined Han Dynasty Chang ' an to build his new capital, which he called Daxing ( Great Prosperity ).

* the Kam – Sui peoples ( which may or not include the Biao people )

The initial thrust south of the Nanling proved disastrous, with the general Tu Sui falling in battle around 218 BC, but his engineer Shi Lu completed the construction of the Ling Canal, which linked the Xiang and Li rivers.

With support from Han Sui, his father's sworn brother, Ma Chao attacked Chang ' an and conquered the city easily, after which he advanced towards Tong Pass.

Artistically, the period can be further divided into two periods: the Asuka period ( up to the Taika Reforms ), where early Buddhist cultural imports and influences are seen from Northern Wei via the Three Kingdoms of Korea ; and the Hakuhō period ( after the Taika Reform ), in which more Sui and Tang influences appear.

It achieved its greatest importance under the Sui ( AD 581 – 618 ), Tang ( 618 – 907 ), and early Song ( 960 – 1127 ) dynasties, when it was the terminus of the New Bian Canal, which joined the Yellow River to the northwest.

The Tiantai-school, which was favoured by the Sui Dynasty, fell in digrace.

However, Chinese histories since ancient works such as Shiji were also fairly liberal in terming local tribal chiefs as " king " of a particular territory ranging from vast to tiny, using convenient terms of the form "( locality )" + "( king )" such as Changshawang, " King of Changsha " which was briefly recognized as a kingdom but was usually a smaller part of Chu state or just a county of the Sui Dynasty state, or phrases such as Yiwang, " Yi ( Eastern ) Foreign (' barbarian ') king ( s )," while in other cases or by other authors other terms such as, " native chief " might be used for the same office.

Sui, Maonan, and Mulao are the Tai – Kadai languages which are most closely related to Dong.

The name " Sui ," which means " water " in Chinese, was adopted during the Ming Dynasty.

This included the Goguryeo-Sui Wars, where the Kingdom of Goguryeo managed to repel the invading forces of the Sui Dynasty.

After Emperor He's death, his wife Empress Deng Sui ( d. 121 CE ) managed state affairs as the regent empress dowager during a turbulent financial crisis and widespread Qiang rebellion that lasted from 107 to 118 CE.

Eventually, as tension mounted, Ma Chao confronted Han Sui and attempted to kill him but Han managed to escape under the protection of his subordinates.

Eulji Mundeok managed to protect Sin Fortress from a Sui invasion force, but he died not long after.

In the course of the conflict, however, Cao Cao managed to turn Ma Chao and Han Sui against each other.