Enlil, along with Anu / An, Enki and Ninhursag were gods of the Sumerians.

Ziggurats were built by the Sumerians, Babylonians, Elamites, Akkadians, and Assyrians for local religions.

Although the ancient Sumerians were the first to record the names of constellations on clay tablets, the earliest known star catalogues were compiled by the ancient Babylonians of Mesopotamia in the late 2nd millennium BC, during the Kassite Period ( ca.

Challenges and responses were physical, as when the Sumerians exploited the intractable swamps of southern Iraq by organizing the Neolithic inhabitants into a society capable of carrying out large-scale irrigation projects ; or social, as when the Catholic Church resolved the chaos of post-Roman Europe by enrolling the new Germanic kingdoms in a single religious community.

In the fourth millennium BCE, when the first evidence for what is recognisably Mesopotamian religion can be seen with the invention in Mesopotamia of writing circa 3500 BCE, the Sumerians appeared, although it is not known if they migrated into the area in prehistoric times or whether they were some of the original inhabitants.

The first people at Eridu brought with them the Samarran culture from northern Mesopotamia and are identified with the Ubaid period, but it is not known whether or not these were Sumerians ( associated later with the Uruk period ).

The Sumerians were the first society to create the city itself as a built form.

Ziggurats were built by the Sumerians, Babylonians, Elamites, and Assyrians as monuments to local religions.

Ziggurats were built by the Sumerians, Babylonians, Elamites, Akkadians, and Assyrians for local religions.

Studies show that most ancient communities like the Hindus, Sumerians, Tibetans, Hebrews, Babylonians, and Persians were greatly interested in the study and practice of palmistry.

The oldest references to demonic possession are from the Sumerians, who believed that all diseases of the body and mind were caused by " sickness demons " called gidim or gid-dim.

The Sumerians were the first to train clerks to keep records of accounts.

To Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Jews there were male and female demons ( Jewish demons were mostly male, although female examples such as Lilith exist ).

There is, however, no written record of the marsh tribes until the ninth century AD, and the Sumerians were absorbed by the Akkadians ( Assyrians-Babylonians ) by around 1800 BC, some 2, 700 years before.

These were mostly located in Mesopotamia where the Sumerians were practicing multiplication and division.

Vlassa believed the inscriptions to be pictograms and the finds were subsequently carbon-dated to before 4000 BCE, thirteen hundred years earlier than the date he expected, and earlier even than the writing systems of the Sumerians and Minoans.

This was due to the " sun-theory " of language prevalent in 1930s in Turkey, which presumed that some ancient people of Anatolia and the Middle East such as the Sumerians and Hittites were related to the Turks.

The earliest civilizations in history were established in the region now known as the Middle East around 3500 BC by the Sumerians, in Mesopotamia ( Iraq ), widely regarded as the cradle of civilization.

It is often assumed that sausages were invented by the Sumerians in the region that is Iraq today, around 4000 BC.

Lynn Meskell notes: " Pan-Turkists who later became the ideologists of the racist movements of the present times, were rather pleased with the idea of affiliating Sumerians and Hittites to Turkish.

Dhume maintains that the first wave of Aryans did not introduce any radical changes into the existing religious systems and that the changes which took place were effected by the Sumerians.

According to Sitchin, Nibiru ( called " the twelfth planet " because, Sitchin claimed, the Sumerians ' gods-given conception of the Solar System counted all eight planets, plus Pluto, the Sun and the Moon ) was the home of a technologically advanced human-like extraterrestrial race called the Anunnaki in Sumerian myth, who Sitchin states are called the Nephilim in Genesis.

amongst the Sumerians, but also was later adopted by the Akkadians as well.

The incantation literature is quite extensive among the Sumerians as well as the Babylonians.

Additionally, uninscribed clay cones painted in different colors were used by Sumerians to create decorative mosaic patterns on walls and pillars within buildings, as well as to add strength to the structure ( see 2nd link below ).

This primitive writing is placed slightly earlier than premitive writings of Sumerians of Mesopotamia, dated c. 3100 BCE.

Hincks deduced correctly that cuneiform writing had been invented by one of the earliest civilizations of Mesopotamia ( a people later identified by Oppert as the Sumerians ), who then bequeathed it to later states such as Babylon, Assyria and Elam.

The ancient Sumerians and their successor cultures, such as the Babylonians, produced their cuneiform writing by pressing a triangular stylus into soft clay tablets, creating characteristic wedge-shaped marks.

Ancient Sumerians used square rigged sailing boats at about the same time, and it is believed they established sea trading routes as far away as the Indus valley.

“ We revealed traces of the world ’ s oldest water channels, cisterns and waterways from 13, 000 years ago .” He said they found waterways from the Sumerians, Hittites, Urartians, Eastern Romans, Byzantines, Seljuks, Ottomans and the Republic.

Academic discussion of a star or stars together with crescents in Sumerian representations does not always clearly indicate if they appear in isolation ( the " star and crescent " as such ) or as part of a triad of symbols, " the three celestial emblems, the sun disk of Shamash ( Utu to the Sumerians ), the crescent of Sin ( Nanna ), and the star of Ishtar ( Inanna to the Sumerians )" or " the crescent of Sin ( the moon god ), the star of Ishtar and the ray of Shamash ".

Some art assets also existed in the game files for a Sumerian civilization led by Gilgamesh and they were used by the modding community to introduce the Sumerians into the game.

Originally, they were fashioned out of iron and bone by the Sumerians and were used to hold clothes together.

Incidentally, the cultures have conquered each other in the reversed order in which they appear in the comic ; i. e. the Medes conquered the Assyrians, the Akkadians conquered the Sumerians etc.

Division of labour was also a method used by the Sumerians to categorise different jobs, and divide them to skilled members of a society.

The Sumerians also posed philosophical questions, such as: Who are we ?, Where are we ?, How did we get here ?.

In ancient Egypt, lapis lazuli was a favorite stone for amulets and ornaments such as scarabs ; it was also used in ancient Mesopotamia by the Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, and Babylonians for seals and jewelry.

The Sumerians had also a lighter, two-wheeled type of cart, pulled by four asses, but still with solid wheels.

The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enabled them to develop a strong type of roof called a dome.

The Sumerians, the Babylonians, and the ancient Greeks also used the heliacal risings of various stars for the timing of agricultural activities.

In ancient times, bitumen was primarily a Mesopotamian commodity used by the Sumerians and Babylonians, although it was also found in the Levant and Persia.

Sumerians are believed to have modified many local customs and introduce their own systems such as their style of temple architecture, the Devadasi system ; the Sumerians also influenced the language, caste system, and the kinship practices to some extent.

Used by Sumerians and other Mesopotamian cultures beginning in the third millennium BC, clay nails, also referred to as dedication or foundation nails, were inscribed with cuneiform and embedded into walls to serve as evidence that the temple or building was the divine property of the god to whom it was dedicated.

The arrangement of the equids ' reins is also shown in detail, illustrating how the Sumerians harnessed them without using bits, which were only introduced a millennium later.