Chapman and Ferraro proposed that a plasma was emitted by the Sun in a burst as part of a flare event which disturbed the planet's magnetic field in a manner known as a geomagnetic storm.

This so-called Mikheyev – Smirnov – Wolfenstein effect ( MSW effect ) is important to understand because many neutrinos emitted by fusion in the Sun pass through the dense matter in the solar core ( where essentially all solar fusion takes place ) on their way to detectors on Earth.

A Russian study suggests that the decay rate of radioactive isotopes is not constant as is commonly believed, and a recent study also finds this, and says it appears to be affected by the rate of neutrinos emitted by the Sun.

Radar relies on its own transmissions rather than light from the Sun or the Moon, or from electromagnetic waves emitted by the objects themselves, such as infrared wavelengths ( heat ).

Although the Sun produces Gamma rays as a result of the nuclear fusion process, these super high energy photons are converted to lower energy photons before they reach the Sun's surface and are emitted out into space.

A simplifying factor is that the Sun emits almost all of its energy in visible light and at nearby frequencies, while at the cold temperatures of TNOs, the heat radiation is emitted at completely different wavelengths ( the far infrared ).

There are water waves on the ocean surface ; gamma waves and light waves emitted by the Sun ; microwaves used in microwave ovens and in radar equipment ; radio waves broadcast by radio stations ; and sound waves generated by radio receivers, telephone handsets and living creatures ( as voices ), to mention only a few wave phenomena.

The operation of magnetic sails using plasma wind is analogous to the operation of solar sails using the radiation pressure of photons emitted by the Sun.

The same experiment, known as ICARUS and based on a new technique of electronic detection of ionizing events in ultra-pure liquid argon, is aiming at the direct detection of the neutrinos emitted from the Sun, a first rudimentary neutrino telescope to explore neutrino signals of cosmic nature.

As a fraction of the gas molecules in the coma are ionized by the solar ultraviolet radiation, pressure from the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun, pulls the coma's ions out into a long tail, which may extend more than 100 million kilometers into space.

Hey, a British Army research officer, made the first detection of radio waves emitted by the Sun.

In the case of the Earth-atmosphere system, it refers to the process by which long-wave ( infrared ) radiation is emitted to balance the absorption of short-wave ( visible ) energy from the Sun.

Irradiance is defined as power per unit area, so the solar luminosity ( total power emitted by the Sun ) is the irradiance received at the Earth ( solar constant ) multiplied by the area of the sphere whose radius is the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun:

* Terrestrial radiation, radiation as emitted by Earth, as opposed to radiation emitted by the Sun and then reflected by Earth.

A solar proton event ( or proton storm ) occurs when protons emitted by the Sun become accelerated to very high energies either close to the Sun during a solar flare or in interplanetary space by the shocks associated with coronal mass ejections.

Solar variation is the change in the amount of radiation emitted by the Sun ( see Solar radiation ) and in its spectral distribution over years to millennia.

* Claude Servais Mathias Pouillet makes the first quantitative measurements of the heat emitted by the Sun.

* Solar variation-changes in the amount of radiant energy emitted by the Sun.

The EIT wavelengths are of great interest to solar physicists because they are emitted by the very hot solar corona but not by the relatively cooler photosphere of the Sun ; this reveals structures in the corona that would otherwise be obscured by the brightness of the Sun itself.

* Solar variation, the change in the amount of radiation emitted by the Sun ( see Solar radiation )

The dipole anisotropy and others due to Earth's annual motion relative to the Sun and numerous microwave sources in the galactic plane and elsewhere must be subtracted out to reveal the extremely tiny variations characterizing the fine-scale structure of the CMBR background.

Observations using the Spitzer Space Telescope indicate that extremely massive stars of spectral category O, which are much hotter than our Sun, produce a photo-evaporation effect that inhibits planetary formation.

Doing this by brute force – accelerating in the shortest route to the destination and then, if it is farther from the Sun, decelerating to match the planet's speed – would require an extremely large amount of fuel.

The most widely accepted hypothesis is that the Oort cloud's objects initially coalesced much closer to the Sun as part of the same process that formed the planets and asteroids, but that gravitational interaction with young gas giant planets such as Jupiter ejected the objects into extremely long elliptic or parabolic orbits.

Stars with around ten or more times the mass of the Sun can explode in a supernova as their inert iron cores collapse into an extremely dense neutron star or black hole.

Observing a planet inside the orbit of Mercury would be extremely difficult, since the telescope must be pointed very close to the Sun, where the sky is never black.

The sources of most GRBs are billions of light years away from Earth, implying that the explosions are both extremely energetic ( a typical burst releases as much energy in a few seconds as the Sun will in its entire 10-billion-year lifetime ) and extremely rare ( a few per galaxy per million years ).

During the new moon and solar eclipse of February 4 — 5, 1962, an extremely rare great conjunction of the classical planets occurred ( it included all five of the naked-eye planets plus the Sun and the Moon ), all of them within 16 degrees of one another on the ecliptic.

Supernovae can result from the death of an extremely massive star, many times heavier than the Sun.

However, Mercury is said to be extremely weak if it is in the same sign as the Sun in a Navamsa divisional chart ( the Navamsa is a harmonic chart which divides each sign into 9 parts ).

A new team, the Connecticut Sun, joined the league in 2003 with a nickname and logo which were extremely reminiscent of the Miami Sol.

The Baltimore City Paper reported that several of his columns contained sentences or paragraphs that were extremely similar ( although not identical ) to material previously published in The Washington Post, The New York Times, and The Sun.

In many ways the comet was quite similar to Comet Hale-Bopp: it became spectacular without passing particularly close to either the Earth or the Sun, but had an extremely large and active nucleus.

The religion was based on the movements of the planets, the stars and the Sun and Moon, with the Mesoamerican ballgame and pulque having extremely important parts.

Changes in the propagation of oscillation waves through the Sun reveal inner structures and allow astrophysicists to develop extremely detailed profiles of the interior conditions of the Sun.

It is extremely competitive in the Sun Belt Conference, usually finishing near the top of the conference and regularly competing for the conference championship.

* February 4 – 5-During a new moon and total solar eclipse, an extremely rare grand conjunction of the classical planets occurs, including all five of the naked-eye planets plus the Sun and Moon, all within 16 ° of each another on the ecliptic.

The Sun API is free and extremely accurate.

A sungrazing comet is a comet that passes extremely close to the Sun at perihelion – sometimes within a few thousand kilometres of the Sun's surface.

Early in 2006, Sun suffered some extremely tough draws, but fought every inch of the way in tight three-set losses to Amélie Mauresmo in the first round of the Australian Open and Nuria Llagostera Vives in the first round at Gold Coast, only to lose in qualifying for Doha and Dubai.

The effect is an extremely small but unexplained acceleration towards the Sun, of.

The first planet HD 74156 b orbits the star at a distance closer than Mercury is to our Sun, in an extremely eccentric orbit.