However, the administrative and religious use of Quechua was terminated when it was banned from public use in Peru in the late 18th century in response to the Túpac Amaru II rebellion – even " loyal " pro-Catholic texts such as Garcilaso de la Vega's Comentarios Reales were banned.

The Shining Path fought against Peru's other major guerrilla group, the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement ( MRTA ) and campesino self-defense groups organized by the Peruvian armed forces.

* Túpac Amaru II, Peruvian revolutionary

* December 17 – The Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement takes 72 hostages in the Japanese Embassy in Lima, Peru.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Peru suffered from an internal conflict ( see Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement and Shining Path ).

The MRTA took its name in homage to Túpac Amaru II, an 18th-century rebel leader who was himself named after his ancestor Túpac Amaru, the last indigenous leader of the Inca people.

In September 2003, four Chilean defendants were retried and convicted of membership in the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement and participation in an attack on the Peru – North American Cultural Institute and a kidnapping-murder in 1993.

* El Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru.

* Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement of Peru ()

Túpac Amaru or Thupa Amaro ( Quechua: Thupaq Amaru ) ( 1545 – 1572 ) was the last indigenous monarch ( Sapa Inca ) of the Inca state in Peru.

Túpac Amaru, another brother of the two preceding emperors, then succeeded to the title in Vilcabamba.

Túpac Amaru had left the previous day with a party of about 100 and headed west into the lowland forests.

They found the Sapa Inca Túpac Amaru and his wife warming themselves.

Túpac Amaru was arrested.

Túpac Amaru was convicted of the murder of the priests in Vilcabamba, of which he was probably innocent.

Túpac Amaru was sentenced to be beheaded.

Other claims have been made to the contrary — that Túpac Amaru was in rebellion ( his predecessors having allegedly accepted Spanish authority ), that Toledo had tried peaceful means to settle differences, that three of his ambassadors to the Inca were murdered, and that Túpac Amaru subsequently raised an army to resist the colonial army.

Peruvian government death squads carried out massacres against civilians in their fight against Shining Path and Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement.

When Fujimori came to power, much of Peru was dominated by the Maoist insurgent group Sendero Luminoso (" Shining Path "), and the Marxist-Leninist group Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement ( MRTA ).

# REDIRECT Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement

* Lori Berenson – Interviewed in 1999 in Peru by Amy Goodman ; political activist arrested in 1995 and convicted for collaborating with the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, a Peruvian leftist guerrilla organization.

The Shining Path targeted not only the army and police, but also government employees at all levels, other leftist militants such as members of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement ( MRTA ), workers who did not participate in the strikes organized by the group, peasants who cooperated with the government in any way ( including by voting in democratic elections ), and ordinary middle-class inhabitants of Perú's main cities.

* During the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces ( 1968 – 1980 ), Túpac Amaru was selected by military leaders as the symbolic representation for the ideals behind the Peruvian Revolution.

* The Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement ( MRTA ) is a Peruvian Marxist-Leninist insurgent group, which became known worldwide for their involvement in the Japanese embassy hostage crisis.

Néstor Cerpa Cartolini ( August 14, 1953 in Lima – April 22, 1997 in Lima ) — sometimes known by the nom de guerre " Evaristo " — was a member, then leader of the Peruvian Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement ( MRTA ) terrorist movement.

In different ways, organizations like Shining Path, and the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, and the Peruvian Communist Party all look towards Mariátegui and his writings.

# redirect Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement

The radical elements among the students and lecturers were quick to return, and by the mid-1980s the country's two main terrorist groups, Shining Path ( Sendero Luminoso ) and the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement ( MRTA ), had a strong presence on campus.

The Commission focused on the massacres, " forced disappearances ", human rights violations, terrorist attacks, and violence against women, during the internal conflict in Peru, abuses that were committed by both the rebel groups Shining Path ( Sendero Luminoso ) and Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement ( MRTA ), as well as the military of Peru.

The Japanese embassy hostage crisis began on 17 December 1996 in Lima, Peru, when 14 members of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement ( MRTA ) took hostage hundreds of high-level diplomats, government and military officials and business executives who were attending a party at the official residence of Japan's ambassador to Peru, Morihisa Aoki, in celebration of Emperor Akihito's 63rd birthday.

He subsequently called for a negotiated peace settlement between the government and the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement insurgents.

Operation Chavín de Huántar was a military operation in which a team of one hundred and forty-two commandos of the Peruvian Armed Forces ended the 1997 Japanese embassy hostage crisis by raiding the Japanese ambassador's residence and freeing the hostages held there by the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement ( MRTA ).

One of them, the MIR-EM, would merge with the Revolutionary Socialist Party ( Marxist-Leninist ) in 1982 to create the Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru ( MRTA ).

On the other hand, the MIR-EM continued armed struggle, merging in 1982 with the Partido Socialista Revolucionario-Marxista Leninista ( PSR-ML ) to create the Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru ( MRTA ).

They followed with the help of the Mamarí Indians, who advised which path the Inca had followed and reported that Túpac was slowed by his wife, who was about to give birth.

It was reported in various sources that numerous Catholic clerics, convinced of Túpac Amaru's innocence, pleaded to no avail, on their knees, that the Inca be sent to Spain for a trial instead of being executed.

Some of them were allowed to return home, and a descendant of Túpac Amaru, José Gabriel Condorcanqui ( Túpac Amaru II ), was to lead an indigenous uprising in 1780 against continued Spanish presence in Peru.

Túpac Katari or Catari ( also Túpaj Katari ) ( c. 1750 – 15 November 1781 ), born Julián Apasa Nina, was a leader in the rebellions of indigenous people of Bolivia against the Spanish Empire in the early 1780s.

Atahualpa was succeeded by his brother, the puppet Inca Túpac Huallpa, and later by another brother Manco Inca.

The execution of Túpac Amaru II, who was dismembered by four horses.

Túpac Amaru II ( José Gabriel Túpac Amaru b. March 19, 1742 in Surimana-Canas, Cuzco, Viceroyalty of Peru – executed in Cuzco May 18, 1781 ) was a leader of an indigenous uprising in 1780 against the Spanish in Peru.

Túpac Amaru II was born José Gabriel Condorcanqui in Surimana, Tungasuca, in the province of Cuzco, and received a Jesuit education at the San Francisco de Borja School, although he maintained a strong identification with the indigenous population.

He was a mestizo who claimed to be a direct descendant of the last Inca ruler Túpac Amaru.