2000 Polish cavalry ( one regiment under the command of Aleksander Koniecpolski, supported by Jerzy Lubomirski, six pancerni cavalry companies of Jeremi Wiśniowiecki and Winged Hussars under the command of Stefan Czarniecki ) repulsed the Tatars, who suffered heavy losses.

The Ukrainians and the Tatars had both suffered persecution under Joseph Stalin and their motive was a hatred of communism rather than sympathy for National Socialism.

In the course of the 13th century the city suffered grievous damage during raids by Tatars in 1241, 1259 and 1287.

The numerous architectural monuments of the city bear witness to the invasions suffered, including those by the Tatars / Mongols, Lithuanians, Poles, Russians, and Nazis.

No other Soviet nationality suffered the decline imposed on the Crimean Tatars ; between 1917 and 1933 half the Crimean Tatar population had been killed or deported.

When hostilities resumed, however, his forces suffered a massive defeat in 1651 at the Battle of Berestechko, the largest land battle of the 17th century, and were abandoned by their former allies the Crimean Tatars.

During the Khmelnytsky uprising ( 1648 – 58 ), the Jewish community there suffered much from Chmielnicki's Cossacks on the one hand, and from the attacks of the Crimean Tatars ( their main object being the extortion of ransoms ) on the other.

As in other diasporas, Crimean Tatars also suffered from problems stemming from the differentiation of their identities over time due to their acculturation into various host-societies.

Population of Shepetivka also suffered from frequent attacks of the Crimean Tatars.

The town suffered from the Swedish-Polish Wars, attacks by Polish Tatars, and plague epidemics, the last outbreak of which occurred in 1710 and claimed 1, 111 victims.

Whilst it was successfully invaded by the Tatars again in 1382, the massive fortification suffered no damage.

This combined with the military losses, epidemics, poor harvests so weakened Russia that the Crimean Tatars were able to sack central Russian regions and burn down Moscow ( 1571 ).

Groups of Crimean Tatars, Germans and Muslims from the North Caucasus region were deported to Kazakhstan during the war because it was feared that they would collaborate with the enemy.

Stephen the Great ruled between 1457 and 1504, a period of nearly 50 years during which he won 32 battles defending his country against virtually all his neighbours ( mainly the Ottomans and the Tatars, but also the Hungarians and the Poles ), while losing only two.

Much of the population survived, and there was a certain degree of mixing between it and the Kipchak Tatars of the Horde during the ensuing period.

Some Tatars were forcibly Christianized by Ivan the Terrible during the 16th century and later in the 18th century.

A significant number of Volga Tatars emigrated during the Russian Civil War, mostly to Turkey and Harbin, China.

According to the 2002 census there are 400550 Tatars in Siberia, but 300, 000 of them are Volga Tatars who settled in Siberia during periods of colonization.

Although by the 18th century the Tatars adopted the local language, the Islamic religion and many Tatar traditions ( e. g. the sacrifice of bulls in their mosques during the main religious festivals ) were preserved.

Swedish King Charles X Gustav of Sweden | Charles X Gustav in skirmish with Tatars near Warsaw during the Second Northern War.

About his parentage, legend tells that his father, Eliezer, whose wife was still living, was seized during an attack ( by the Tatars perhaps ), carried from his home in Wallachia, and sold as a slave to a prince.

The trend of Russification has continued at different paces during the remaining Tsarist period and under the Soviet Union, so that today there are more Tatars living outside the Republic of Tatarstan than inside it.

The period of prosperity ended during the deluge, when Siedlce, together with most Lesser Poland ’ s cities, was burned by the Cossacks, Tatars, Muscovities, Swedes and the Transilvanians.

The Tatars destroyed the Romanesque cathedral in Zagreb during their invasion in 1240, but right after their departure Zagreb got the title of a free city from the Hungarian king Bela IV.

Before and during World War II, Joseph Stalin deported to Central Asia and Siberia several entire nationalities for their suspected collaboration with the German invaders: Volga Germans, Crimean Tatars, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Kalmyks, and others.

Most historians of East Slavic and Russian folklore believe that byliny as a genre arose during the Kievan period, during the tenth and eleventh century ; byliny continued to be written till about the arrival of the Tatars in the thirteenth century and the destruction of the Old East Slavic civilization.

The partial removal of potentially trouble-making ethnic groups was a technique used consistently by Joseph Stalin during his career: Poles ( 1939 – 1941 and 1944 – 1945 ), Romanians ( 1941 and 1944 – 1953 ), Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians ( 1941 and 1945 – 1949 ), Volga Germans ( 1941 – 1945 ), Ingrian Finns ( 1929 – 1931 and 1935 – 1939 ), Finnish people in Karelia ( 1940 – 1941, 1944 ), Crimean Tatars, Crimean Greeks, Kalmyks, Balkars, Karachays, Meskhetian Turks, Karapapaks, Far East Koreans ( 1937 ), Chechens and Ingushs ( 1944 ).

The Tatars failed to take the fortress during their raids in 1533, 1541, and 1570.

Zasechnaya cherta (, loosely translated as Great Abatis Line or Great Abatis Border ) is a chain of fortification lines, created by Grand Duchy of Moscow and later the Tsardom of Russia to protect it from the raids of the Crimean Tatars who, rapidly moving along the Muravsky Trail, ravaged the southern provinces of the country during a series of the Russo-Crimean Wars.

The patrimony for Nadruvia and Scalovia was remembered by post-Mindaugas grand dukes of Lithuania: Algirdas, during the negotiation on Lithuania's Christianization, postulated ( 1358 ) for the emperor of Holy Roman Empire, Charles IV, that he would accept Christianity when the Order was transferred to Russia's border to fight Tatars and Lithuania would be given back the lands to Alna, Pregolya rivers and Baltic sea.

It was a capital of the Principality of Pereiaslavl ' from the middle of the 11th century until its demolition by Tatars in 1239, during the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus '.

This is explained by the canon of Nagyvárad, Rogerius of Apulia, who witnessed the first devastation of the country during the Tatar invasion and wrote in his Carmen Miserabile (" Sad Song "): '... since there was no other town like Esztergom in Hungary, the Tatars were considering crossing the Danube to pitch a camp there ...', which was exactly what happened after the Danube froze.

In religion and culture the Lipka Tatars differed from most other Islamic communities in respect of the treatment of their women, who always enjoyed a large degree of freedom, even during the years when the Lipkas were in the service of the Ottoman Empire.

Examples are: World Qoroltay of the Bashkirs, Fourth Qurultay of Crimean Tatars, National Kurultai of Kyrgyzstan, the State Great Khural of Mongolia, Buryatian People's Khural and Kurultai held today in Hungary, there written kurultáj.

During World War II, Volga Germans, Chechens, Crimean Tatars and others in the Soviet Union were deported by Joseph Stalin ( see Population transfer in the Soviet Union ), with some estimating the number of deaths from the deportation to be as high as 1 in 3.

Since World War II, more ethnic Russians and Tatars have moved into the area.

UNHCR has achieved some success in launching campaigns to prevent and reduce statelessness among formerly deported peoples in Crimea, Ukraine ( Armenians, Crimean Tatars, Germans, and Greeks who were deported en masse at the close of World War II ).

He also coordinated the mass expulsion of Crimean Tatars from the Crimean ASSR in the end of World War II.

The Soviet Union brought about the final dispersal of Crimean Tatars in 1944, in the midst of the World War II, when it deported all Tatars remaining in the Crimea to Central Asia.

The city was later sacked for the last time by Tatars in 1694, and twice by Russians in the course of the Great Northern War in 1710 and the War of the Polish Succession in 1733.

The Idel-Ural State was a short-lived Tatar republic with its centre in Kazan that united Tatars, Bashkirs and the Chuvash in the turmoil of the Russian Civil War.

Russo – Turkish War of 1735 – 1739, a war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, caused by intensified contradictions over the results of the War of the Polish Succession of 1733 – 1735 and endless raids by the Crimean Tatars.

Particularly, the Crimean War of 1853 – 1856, the laws of 1860 – 63 The Tsarist delebarete policy of annihilating Crimean Tatar existence in Crimea and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 caused an exodus of the Crimean Tatars.

The outflow of the Crimean Tatars turned into an exodus after the Crimean War ( 1854 – 1856 ), as the Russian government began to treat the Crimean Tatars as internal threats to its security because of their historical relations with the Ottoman Empire.

It was devastated by Tatars during the Second Northern War in 1656 and again by Swedish forces during the Scanian War in 1678, while the " Great Elector " Frederick William of Brandenburg had achieved full sovereignty over his Prussian lands by the 1657 Treaty of Wehlau.

There, he entered the service of Tsar Alexis I and distinguished himself as general in the wars against the Turks and Tatars as well as in the Russo-Polish War ( 1654 – 1667 ).

The Tatars, who called for a Holy War, attacked with their cavalry from the north and started to pillage the country.