The great Torah scholar, commentator and kabbalist, Nachmanides ( Ramban 1195-1270 ), attributed Job's suffering to reincarnation, as hinted in Job's saying " God does all these things twice or three times with a man, to bring back his soul from the pit to ... the light of the living ' ( Job 33: 29, 30 ).

The philosophy upon which A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice is written is stated in the foreword: " The premise on which Torah is based is that all aspects of life-leisure no less than business, worship or rites of passage ( birth, bar mitzvah, marriage, divorce, death )-are part of the covenant and mandate under which every Jew is to serve God in everything he does.

The Torah itself does not use any term like " new year " in reference to Rosh Hashanah.

While the Torah does not state the rationale for most kashrut laws, many reasons have been suggested, including philosophical, practical and hygienic.

Notably, the Mishnah does not cite a written scriptural basis for its laws: since it is said that the Oral Law was given simultaneously with the Written Law, the Oral Law codified in the Mishnah does not derive directly from the Written Law of the Torah.

Relatedly, the Mishnah does not generally cite a scriptural basis for its laws ; connecting the Mishnaic law with the Torah law is also undertaken by the later Midrash ( and Talmuds ).

The Torah does not record the Philistines as one of the nations to be displaced from Canaan.

This compound name occurs chiefly in the prophetic literature and does not appear at all in the Torah, Joshua or Judges.

Today, most scholars believe that the Torah does not have a single author, and that its composition took place over centuries.

Judaism does not have clergy as such, although according to the Torah there is a tribe of priests known as the Kohanim who were leaders of the religion up to the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem in 70AD when most Sadducees were wiped out ; each member of the tribe, a Kohen had priestly duties, many of which centered around the sacrificial duties, atonement and blessings of the Israelite nation.

A Bat Mitzvah occurs when Jewish girls become 12, and it means the same as it does for boys-a rite of passage from being considered unable to properly understand the Torah to being considered old enough to begin to understand and thus for boys and girls alike to be treated more like adults.

However, this does not imply that the text of the Torah should be understood literally, as according to Karaism.

Karaite Judaism does not recognize the Oral Law as a divine authority, maintaining that the Written Torah, and the subsequent prophets which God sent to Israel, whose writings are recorded in the Tanakh, are the only suitable sources for deriving halakha, which Karaite Judaism maintains, must not deviate from the plain meaning of the Hebrew Bible.

The tzitzit worn by some in the rabbinic community, which does have tekhelet, is also seen as a violation of the Torah, because according to the Talmud, a tekhelet string must be made of wool, and the white strings from linen, making the tzitzit shatnez.

" The rabbis believe that Moses was ( and the Messiah will be ) a rabbi, God dons phylacteries, and the heavenly court studies Torah precisely as does the earthly one, even arguing about the same questions.

Moreover, the rabbis believed that " the heavenly court studies Torah precisely as does the earthly one, even arguing about the same questions.

The Haredi community defends this practice with the argument that Judaism must cultivate Torah scholarship in the same way that the secular academic world does, no matter how high the costs may be financially in the short run, in the long run the Jewish people will benefit from the large number of learned laymen, scholars, and rabbis.

Although he distinguishes between the words uttered by God, as the Decalogue, and the edicts of Moses, as the special laws, he does not carry out this distinction, since he believes in general that everything in the Torah is of divine origin, even the letters and accents.

He does not reject the subjective experience of Ancient Judaism ; yet, he repeatedly explains that the Torah cannot be understood as a concrete, objective history.

It was unknown in Roman law and does not figure in the traditions of oriental antiquity such as the code of Hammurabi or the Torah.

In common with Asher is the possibility that the tribal name derives from a deity worshipped by the tribe, Gad being thought by scholars to be likely to have taken its name from Gad, the semitic god of fortune ; the name of Gad does not appear in the Song of Deborah, which scholars regard as one of the oldest parts of the Bible, pre-dating most of the Torah.

The roots of the mutual exclusivity may be seen in the Torah, where Jews are ordered to worship the God of Israel to the exclusion of all others ; however, even the Torah does not instruct its followers to deny the existence of other Gods, in a stance that is now called henotheism.

It was in this period that the Pentateuch ( or Torah, to give the Hebrew name ) was composed, by detaching the book of Deuteronomy from the Deuteronomistic history and adding it to the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers.

Christians accept the Written Torah and other books of the Hebrew Bible as Scripture, although they generally give readings from the Koine Greek Septuagint translation instead of the Biblical Hebrew / Biblical Aramaic Masoretic Text.

There is a custom to give children money ( Hanukkah gelt ) to commemorate the learning of Torah in guise of Jews gathering in what was perceived as gambling at that time since Torah was forbidden.

He rebuts the argument using taxonomic arguments, saying the Torah would not give two examples of birds from the same order, doves and pigeons in Columbiformes.

In most Orthodox synagogues, women do no to give a d ' var Torah ( brief discourse, generally on the weekly Torah portion ) after or between services.

Another very useful study aid, found in almost all editions of the Talmud, consists of the marginal notes Torah Or, Ein Mishpat Ner Mitzvah and Masoret ha-Shas by the Italian rabbi Joshua Boaz, which give references respectively to the cited Biblical passages, to the relevant halachic codes and to related Talmudic passages.

He may also give a d ' var Torah ( a discussion of some Torah issue, such as a discussion of that week's Torah portion ) and / or lead part or all of the prayer services.

In respect to its place in synagogues, rabbis will often give their D ' var Torah after the Torah service.

This location is visited at times by people to give respect to this great Torah Master.

The text of the Torah argues that the name of Judah, meaning to praise, refers to Leah's intent to praise Yahweh, on account of having achieved four children, and derived from odeh, meaning I will give praise.

May it be your will, O my God and God of my fathers, that the Temple be rebuilt speedily in our days, and give us our portion in your Torah, and there we will worship you with reverence as in ancient days and former years.

Be pleased with our rest ; sanctify us with Your commandments, give us a share in Your Torah, satiate us with Your bounty, and gladden us in Your salvation.

They give rise to the phrase " Keter Torah " (" The Crown of the Torah ") as the numeric value of Keter is 620 ( 613 + 7 ).

Depending on how this idea was preached and interpreted, it could give rise to pantheism, universally acknowledged as a heresy, or lead to immoral behavior, since elements of Kabbalah can be misconstrued to de-emphasize ritual by rote and glorifies sexual metaphors as a deeper means of grasping some inner hidden notions in the Torah based on the Jews ' intimate relationship with God.

The argument is that through this indirection Rabbinic offialdom was able to integrate into the Gemaric give and take of argumentation and analysis the huge body of halakhic and hermeneutical teachings of this great Torah scholar without, however, honoring his equally significant apostasy.

Behold, I am an apostle of God unto you, to confirm the truth of whatever there still remains of the Torah, and to give the glad tiding of an apostle who shall come after me, whose name shall be Ahmed.

The affinities between it and Hesiod, Herodotus, Manetho, and the Hebrew Bible ( specifically, the Torah and Deuteronomistic History ) as histories of the classical world give us an idea about how ancient people viewed their worlds.

Following the item written on the scrap of paper he had pulled out, David Şafran had to give a sample of sermon about the fight for peace on basis of a week pericope from the Torah.

Whereas the written Torah has a fixed form, the Oral Torah is a living tradition that includes not only specific supplements to the written Torah ( for instance, what is the proper manner of shechita and what is meant by " Frontlets " in the Shema ), but also procedures for understanding and talking about the written Torah ( thus, the Oral Torah revealed at Sinai includes debates among rabbis who lived long after Moses ).

Even though this practice is forbidden, one is not lashed for a Torah prohibition on account of it, since there is no specific prohibition against it, and there is no real intercourse.

Judaism teaches that God chose the Jewish people to be in a unique covenant with God, and one of their beliefs is that Jewish people were charged by the Torah with a specific mission — to be a light unto the nations, and to exemplify the covenant with God as described in the Torah to other nations.

The actual claim made is that the Jews were chosen for a specific mission, a duty: to be a light unto the nations, and to have a covenant with God as described in the Torah.

While most traditional Christians deny that the ritual laws and specific civil laws of the Pentateuch apply to gentiles, certain passages regarding Torah observance in the New Testament are cited by Messianic believers as proof that Torah was not abolished for Jews.

In the Torah, prophecy often consisted of a conditioned warning by God of the consequences should the society, specific communities, or their leaders not adhere to Torah's instructions in the time contemporary with the prophet's life.

Sometimes this choice is seen as charging the Jewish people with a specific mission — to be a light unto the nations, and to exemplify the covenant with God as described in the Torah.

In Orthodox Judaism, women are not required to recite the Shema ( as a command from the Torah ), as with other time-bound requirements which might impinge on their traditional familial obligations, although they are obligated to pray at least once daily without a specific liturgy requirement and many discharge that obligation through prayers like the Shema.

In addition, many of the specific details of the Biblical mitzvot are only derived via rabbinical application of the Oral Torah ( Mishna / Gemarah ); for example, the reading of the Shema ( Deuteronomy 6: 4-7 ), the binding of the tefillin and the fixing of the mezuzah ( Deuteronomy 6: 8-9 ), and the saying of Grace After Meals ( Deuteronomy 8: 10 ).

While day-to-day dress often simply reflects the general society, many Conservative synagogues expect somewhat more modest dress ( although not necessarily as stringent as in Orthodox Judaism ) for synagogue attendance, and may have specific dress requirements to receive synagogue honors ( such as being called for a Torah reading ).

Many Jewish laws are formulated in terms of specific Hebrew words employed in the Torah ; without the original Hebrew code, authenticity of the legal system would be damaged.

The attitude to Kabbalah is based on much more specific factors: if there is an analogue to their opposition among other religions, it is essentially an opposition to the espousal of concepts such as incarnation, pantheism, and panentheism-apart from the opposition to idolatry in general, as understood in the context of the Mishneh Torah.

Many of these activities are also prohibited on the Jewish holidays listed in the Torah, although there are significant exceptions permitting carrying and preparing food under specific circumstances.

When needed for reading, the Torah is removed from the ark by someone chosen for the honor from among the congregants ; specific prayers are recited as it is removed.

Other areas of specific emphasis are the importance of family, the Land of Israel, and the lifelong of Torah study.