The front and rear differentials are Torsen type, and the center differential is a regular, lockable type.

Power is sent to the rear wheels via a Torsen limited slip differential for improved handling.

At the rear wheels is a Torsen ( torque sensing ) rear differential.

The new Integrale retained the four wheel drive layout: an epicyclic centre diff with torque splitter ( 47 % to front, 53 % to rear ), Ferguson viscous coupling and Torsen rear differential.

The HMMWV is a 4WD / AWD that powers all wheels evenly ( continuously ) via a manually lockable center differential, with Torsen differentials for both front and rear.

It was the first quattro model to have an automatic gearbox, featuring a ZF 4-speed unit with an electronically controlled multiplate clutch centre differential, combined with a Torsen rear differential.

The manual gearbox quattro's across the range continued with a conventional rear differential ( lockable at low speeds ), and the Torsen centre differential ( manual transmission V8 quattros had Torsen differentials in both the centre and the rear ).

Other differences entail the use of a 4-speed automatic transmission, a cold air intake package, a 4. 10 ratio limited slip rear differential, a ZQ8 sport suspension, specially designed front brakes with brake pads similar to those found on the Corvette, and optional all-wheel drive ( via a Torsen T-3 center differential ).

The automatic transmission utilizes a hydraulically controlled multi-plate clutch to apportion drive between front and rear axles, whereas the manual transmission variants utilize a Torsen type 1 Torque Sensing center differential.

The rear axle final drive unit ( parts code prefix: 017 ; identification codes: AFV, AXZ ) contains a Torsen type 1 Torque Sensing differential, instead of the more common hypoid open differential.

The planetary gearset allows a Torsen III center differential to distribute torque unevenly between front and rear axles during normal ( full traction ) operation without inducing wind-up in the drivetrain.

In Hummer / HMMWV applications, there are both front and rear Torsen differentials, so the use of the main brakes will operate this " trick " on both axles simultaneously.

Starting with the 2012 model, the Ford F-150 SVT Raptor uses a front Torsen differential and the Ford Mustang Boss 302 uses a rear Torsen differential.

The Torsen differential distributed a variable torque split when left unlocked, including a 40: 60 ( front: rear ) ratio under normal driving conditions, a 30: 70 ratio during cornering, and a 50: 50 ratio when rear wheel slippage was detected.

Torsen-based quattro permanent four-wheel drive-initially with the T-2 symmetrical differential, and from 2007 model year with the latest 40: 60 front: rear asymmetric / dynamic Torsen T-3 differential, is standard.

* 1958: Vernon Gleasman patents the Torsen dual-drive differential, a type of limited slip differential that relies solely on the action of gearing instead of a combination of clutches and gears.

* A high-friction ' Automatic Torque Biasing ' ( ATB ) differential, such as the Torsen differential, where the friction is between the gear teeth rather than at added clutches.

Other methods utilise an ' Automatic Torque Biasing ' ( ATB ) centre differential, such as a Torsen — which is what Audi use in their quattro cars ( with longitudinal engines ).

The Torsen differential is a true ' intelligent ' differential in the way it distributes torque.

Audi's quattro, Mercedes-Benz's 4Matic, BMW with the xDrive, Saab's XWD, and Volkswagen's 4motion, for example, can mean either an automatically engaging " on-demand " system with Borg-Warner ITM 3e magnetic or Haldex Traction hydraulic clutch, or a continuously-operating permanent 4WD system with a Torsen ( torque-sensing ) or other type of a differential.

A third approach to limiting slippage is the Torsen differential.

A Torsen differential allows the output shafts to receive different amounts of torque.

A typical Torsen II differential can deliver up to twice as much torque to the high traction side before traction is exceeded at the lower tractive side.

The transverse-engine layout of the four-wheel drive version, marketed as 4motion, dictated a switch from the Torsen centre differential of the B5, to the Haldex Traction multi-plate clutch.

The car uses a Torsen T-3 centre differential for the 40: 60 rear-biased torque split for the four-wheel drive system.

By using the interaction between a worm screw and helical gear ( movement is transmitted from screw to gear only ) the Torsen system ensures that the wheel with less weight or grip receives less torque and therefore maintains traction.

Compared to the Torsen, the Haldex can direct torque more unequally to the front wheels ( from 100: 0 to 50: 50 front-to-rear bias ), thus providing a wider bias range than the 75: 25 to 25: 75 of the B5 Passat.

# The latest Torsen T-3 ( Type C ) is a planetary type differential, in that the nominal torque split is not 50: 50.

The Torsen differential works just like a conventional differential but can lock up if a torque imbalance occurs, the maximum ratio of torque imbalance being defined by the Torque Bias Ratio ( TBR ).

When a Torsen has a 3: 1 TBR, that means that one side of the differential can handle up to 75 % while the other side would have to only handle 25 % of applied torque.

When a Torsen differential is employed, the slower-moving wheel always receives more torque than the faster-moving wheel.

If one wheel were raised in the air, the regular Torsen units would act like an open differential, and no torque would be transferred to the other wheel.

The cars should also have included a Torsen, helical gear style limited slip differential which would have been delivered not installed in the trunk of the car.

Audi Quattro ( four wheel drive system ) | Quattro Torsen Differential

Torsen differential from an Audi quattro ( four wheel drive system ) | quattro

Rover group fitted Torsen type 1, and later type 2, units to their range of high performance front wheel drive turbo models ( 220, 420, 620ti, and 800 Vitesse ).

The use of the Torsen differential was preferred by Rover group ; it is much better at controlling wheel spin on front wheel drive vehicles than electronic systems, which only reduce engine power and therefore performance.

Torsen differentials are most prominently featured in the HMMWV and some commercial Hummer vehicles, and as a center differential in some all wheel drive systems, such as Audi's quattro.

A Torsen limited slip differential is also applied on the LFA, and a launch control system is available.

The Type C is available as single or twin version ; the Torsen twin C differential has front and center differential in the same unit.

The vehicle was available with a standard six-speed manual transmission ( five-speed only in North America ), and Audi's dynamic Torsen T-1 quattro permanent four-wheel drive system.