The Cold War ( 1945 – 1989 ) provided a global network of material and ideological support that perpetuated civil wars, which were mainly fought in weak ex-colonial states, rather than the relatively strong states that were aligned with the Warsaw Pact and North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

Under the Hallstein Doctrine, the FRG did not have any diplomatic relations with countries in Eastern Europe until the early 1970s, when Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik led to increased dialogue and treaties like the Treaty of Warsaw, where West Germany accepted the Oder-Neisse line as German-Polish border, and the Basic Treaty, where West and East Germany accepted each other as sovereign entities.

East Germany was an Eastern bloc state under political and military control of the Soviet Union through her occupation forces and the Warsaw Treaty.

The transfer to Poland decided at Potsdam in 1945 was officially recognized by East Germany in 1950, by West Germany under Chancellor Willy Brandt in the Treaty of Warsaw signed in 1970, and finally by the reunited Germany by the Two Plus Four Agreement in 1990.

Thirty-four years later, the Open Skies concept was reintroduced by President George H. W. Bush as a means to build confidence and security between all North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO ) and Warsaw Pact countries.

Shortly after its defeat in the battle of Warsaw, the retreating Red Army, in order to delay the Polish advance, ceded the city to Lithuania after signing the Soviet-Lithuanian Treaty on 12 July 1920.

The Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance ( 1955 – 1991 ), more commonly referred to as the Warsaw Pact, was a mutual defense treaty between eight communist states of Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War.

In the West, the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance is often called the Warsaw Pact military alliance ; abbreviated WAPA, Warpac, and WP.

Elsewhere, in the former member states, the Warsaw Treaty is known as:

The Warsaw Treaty ’ s organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland.

Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the head of the Warsaw Treaty Combined Staff also was a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR.

Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces.

For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Treaty never directly waged war against each other in Europe ; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage.

Beginning at the Cold War ’ s conclusion, in late 1989, popular civil and political public discontent forced the Communist governments of the Warsaw Treaty countries from power – independent national politics made feasible with the perestroika-and glasnost-induced institutional collapse of Communist government in the USSR.

On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR.

Between 1922 and 1991, the history of Russia is essentially the history of the Soviet Union, effectively an ideologically based state which was roughly conterminous with the Russian Empire before the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

Simcoe essentially denied the boundary defined in the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) on the grounds that the Americans had nullified the treaty.

Because the state-owned enterprises were essentially private firms owned by the government, there was an argument that they would prevent assets which had been given by Māori for use by the state from being returned to Māori by the Waitangi Tribunal and through Treaty settlements.

In 1922 Gillani negotiated the first Anglo-Iraqi Treaty, which ensured nominal independence for the country, though Britain maintained control of the military and foreign affairs, essentially establishing a Mandate in the country.

Among Nuri's first acts as prime minister was the signing of the 1930 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty, an unpopular move since it essentially confirmed Britain's mandatory powers and gave them permanent military prerogatives in the country even after full independence was achieved.

Russian chancellor Gorchakov said of the subsequent Treaty of Berlin “ I consider the Berlin Treaty the darkest page in my life .” The Russian people were by and large furious over the European repudiation of their political gains, and though there was some thought that this represented only a minor stumble on the road to Russian hegemony in the Balkans, it in fact gave Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia over to Austria ’ s sphere of influence, essentially removing all Russian influence from the area.

The establishment of Indian Stream as an independent nation was, essentially, the result of the ambiguous boundary between the United States and Canada as defined in the Treaty of Paris.

While this is the procedure that has been use for all treaties prior to the Lisbon Treaty, an actual European Convention ( essentially, a constitutional convention ) has only been called twice.

In November 2009 he stepped down as the Conservative party's spokesman on employment in the European parliament because he thought the Conservatives ' new policy on not supporting a referendum on the Lisbon Treaty was " confused " and " essentially cosmetic ".

Under an Agreement between the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland and Irish Free State governments of 3 December 1925 amending the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the Council of Ireland was essentially abolished, as it was transferred to the care of the Northern Ireland government that did not intend to work towards a united Ireland in the foreseeable future.

Fritsch was heavily involved in the secret rearmament of the 1920s, in which Germany sought to evade the terms of Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, which had essentially disarmed Germany, limiting the country's Army to 100, 000 soldiers, plus destroying all its aircraft and tanks.

The other major part of the claim relies on the fact that by the time the Gando Convention was signed in 1909, the Korean state ( by that time the Korean Empire ) was neither consulted nor had any way of disputing the legitimacy of the treaty as it was already a protectorate of the Japanese Empire and was essentially prevented from resolving or re-negotiating the boundary dispute as an independent state, and as such the Gando Convention, like other unequal treaties ( such as the Eulsa Treaty and the Japan-Korea treaty of 1910 ) dealing with Korean territory / governance or claims made by Imperial Japan, should be revoked and the boundary dispute rectified between Korea ( though there is no stated consensus on which of the two current Koreas should be party to this ) and the People's Republic of China ( though the Republic of China, as the nationalist successor to the Qing Dynasty, may be a more legitimate party to this on the Chinese side as it still claims all of the territory held while the Qing Dynasty still ruled China as a sovereign state ).

In essence the Constitution's text is essentially the same Treaty re-written and expanded.

On 26 May 1879, after preliminary correspondence with Cavagnari and prior to the British withdrawal from most occupied Afghan territories, Muhammad Yaqub's request for permission to visit the British military camp was accepted, and so he proceeded there to sign the Treaty of Gandomak, considered one of the most humiliating ever signed by an Afghan ruler, essentially making the Afghan Amir a feudatory of the British Crown.

* Payipwāt ( or Piapot: " who Knows the Secrets of the Sioux "), also known as " Hole in the Sioux " or Kisikawasan-‘ Flash in the Sky ’, Chief of the Cree-Assiniboine or the Young Dogs with great influence on neighboring Assiniboine, Downstream People, southern groups of the Upstream People and Saulteaux ( Plains Ojibwa ), born 1816, kidnapped as a child by the Sioux, he was freed about 1830 by Plains Cree, significant Shaman, most influential chief of the feared Young Dogs, convinced the Plains Cree to expand west in the Cypress Hills, the last refugee for bison groups, therefore disputed border area between Sioux, Assiniboine, Siksika Kainai and Cree, refused to participate in the raid on a Kainai camp near the present Lethbridge, Alberta, then the Young Dogs and their allies were content with the eastern Cypress Hills to the Milk River, Montana, does not participate at the negotiations on the Treaty 4 of 1874, he and Cheekuk, the most important chief of the Plains Ojibwa in the Qu ' Appelle area, signed on 9 September 1875 the treaty only as preliminary contract, tried with the chiefs of the River Cree Minahikosis (" Little Pine ") and Mistahi-maskwa (" Big Bear ") to erect a kind of Indian Territory for all the Plains Cree, Plains Ojibwa and Assiniboine-as Ottawa refused, he asked 1879-80 along with Kiwisünce ( cowessess-' Little Child ') and the Assiniboine for adjacent reserves in the Cypress Hills, Payipwāt settled in a reserve about 37 miles northeast of Fort Walsh, Minahikosis (" Little Pine ") and Papewes (‘ Lucky Man ’) asked successfully for reserves near the Assiniboine or Payipwāt-this allowed the Cree and Assiniboine to preserve their autonomy-because they went 1881 in Montana on bison hunting, stole Absarokee horses and alleged cattle killed, arrested the U. S. Army the Cree-Assiniboine group, disarmed and escorted them back to Canada-now unarmed, denied rations until the Cree and Assiniboine gave up their claims to the Cypress Hills and went north-in the following years the reserves changed several times and the tribes were trying repeated until to the Northwest Rebellion in 1885 to build an Indian Territory, Payipwāt remained under heavy guard, until his death he was a great spiritual leader, therefore Ottawa deposed Payipwāt on 15 April 1902 as chief, died in April 1908 on Piapot Reserve, Saskatchewan )

This feat is unlikely to be repeated, as all dogs have been banned from Antarctica by the Antarctic Treaty nations since 1994, due to fears that they could transmit diseases to the native seal population.

On 5 March 1460 Christian granted a coronation charter ( or Freiheitsbrief ), issued first at Ribe ( Treaty of Ribe,, ) and afterwards at Kiel, which also repeated that Schleswig and Holstein-Rendsburg must remain united " dat se bliven ewich tosamende ungedelt " ( Middle Low German or Low Saxon, i. e. that they remain for ever together undivided ).

The conflict began after repeated violations of the Treaty of Fort Laramie ( 1868 ) once gold was discovered in the hills.

Charles and his heirs reserved their claims, however, and this reservation was repeated as late as the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, when Philip IV of Spain continued to reserve his rights to the Duchy.

A week later ( notably after the signing of the Treaty of Campo Formio, which ended the First Coalition ), Hottinguer and Bellamy again met with the commission, and repeated their original demands, accompanied by threats of potential war, since France was at least momentarily at peace in Europe.

In 1404 Peace of Raciąż was signed which, in essence, repeated the Treaty of Salynas: Samogitia was transferred to the Teutonic Knights.

Pushing for the end of atmospheric tests, he played a role in the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty, signed in Moscow.

Discussions led to the signing of the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty in Moscow on May 24, 2002.

On August 19, 1991, a day before the New Union Treaty was to be signed devolving power to the republics, a group calling itself the " State Emergency Committee " seized power in Moscow declaring that Gorbachev was ill and therefore relieved of his position as president.

* 1993 – In Moscow, Russia, George Bush and Boris Yeltsin sign the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty ( START ).

Because of the coup attempted by Moscow hardliners against the Gorbachev government in August 1991, the Union Treaty never was signed.

During the Polish – Soviet War, Lithuania signed the Moscow Peace Treaty with the Soviet Union that laid out Lithuania's frontiers.

After the Winter War ( 1939 – 1940 ) according to the Moscow Peace Treaty, Ladoga, previously shared with Finland, became an internal basin of the Soviet Union.

* 2002 – Russia and the United States sign the Moscow Treaty.

* 1920 – Treaty of Moscow: Soviet Russia recognizes the independence of the Democratic Republic of Georgia only to invade the country six months later.

The Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Soviet Union, also known as the Nazi – Soviet Pact and the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact ( after its chief architects, Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop ) was a non-aggression pact, signed in Moscow in the late hours of 23 August 1939, at the height of the Nomonhan fighting in the far east between the Soviet Union and the Empire of Japan.

* Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty ( SORT or Moscow Treaty )— signed 2002, into force 2003: A very loose treaty that is often criticized by arms control advocates for its ambiguity and lack of depth, Russia and the United States agreed to reduce their " strategic nuclear warheads " ( a term that remain undefined in the treaty ) to between 1, 700 and 2, 200 by 2012.

It began with a Soviet offensive on 30 November 1939 — three months after the start of World War II and the Soviet invasion of Poland — and ended on 13 March 1940 with the Moscow Peace Treaty.

Hostilities ceased in March 1940 with the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty.

* 1990 – The two German states and the Four Powers sign the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany in Moscow, paving the way for German re-unification.

Since 1991 the more than boundary with the former Soviet Union, which was defined in the 1921 Treaty of Moscow ( 1921 ) and Treaty of Kars, has formed Turkey's borders with the independent countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia.

* January 3 – In Moscow, George Bush and Boris Yeltsin sign the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty.

** Cold War: The two German states and the Four Powers sign the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany in Moscow, paving the way for German reunification.

** Richard Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev sign the SALT I treaty in Moscow, as well as the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and other agreements.

** Treaty of Moscow ( 1920 ): Soviet Russia recognizes independence of the Democratic Republic of Georgia only to invade the country six months later.

In 1557 he joined the delegation that was going to Russia and was in Moscow from 21 February to 24 March negotiating a peace treaty, the Treaty of Novgorod ( 1557 ).

In 1970 Brandt signed the Treaty of Moscow about the renunciation of the use of force and recognizing the current European borders.

* Treaty of Moscow from August 12, 1970