Tsar Michael of Russia reportedly had a bulat helmet made for him in 1621.

* 1014 – Byzantine – Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion – Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army, and his subsequent treatment of 15, 000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of a heart attack less than three months later, on October 6.

* July 29 – Battle of Kleidion: Basil II inflicts not only a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army, but his subsequent blinding of 15, 000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of shock, and earns Basil II the sobriquet ' Boulgaroktonos ' ( Bulgar-slayer ).

In 1953, Peter Zamiatkin, who was reportedly a member of the guard of the Russian Imperial Family, told a 16-year-old fellow hospital patient that he had taken Anastasia and Alexei to his birth village near Odessa at the request of the Tsar.

However, some scholars believe this accusation has little merit, as reportedly the Tsar had placed himself in physical danger too many times previously for his flight to be out of cowardice.

The Prague production of A Life for the Tsar under the direction of Bedřich Smetana reportedly horrified Balakirev, with Balakirev taking issue with the musical tempos, the casting of various roles, and the costumes —" t was as though Smetana was trying to turn the whole piece into a farce.

Tsar Alexander III refused to curtail repressive practices and reportedly noted: " But we must never forget that the Jews have crucified our Master and have shed his precious blood.

According to Marshall's 1942 autobiography, which was reportedly ghostwritten by Fred Reinfeld, Tsar Nicholas II conferred the title of " Grandmaster " on Marshall and the other four finalists.

For his efforts he was awarded the Order of St. Anna from Tsar Nicholas I.

This name stems from the Dagestani settlement of Gotso ( when he was awarded nobility by Tsar ), with the help of Turkey, during March – April 1918.

By 1910, he was considered a composer of such distinction that the Tsar awarded him an annual pension.

Wounded in the Russo-Japanese war ( 1904 – 1905 ), he was visited at a hospital by the Tsar Nicholas II, who awarded him St George ’ s Cross and invited the general to the palace.

For it, Narbutt was awarded by Tsar Nicholas I of Russia a gold ring set with a ruby, the Order of Saint Anne and the Order of Saint Vladimir.

This tradition began with the last Tsar, Nicholas II, who awarded a silver cross to every priest in the Russian Empire.

In its final simplified form, the title read " Emperor and Autocrat of all Bulgarians and Romans " ( Tsar i samodarzhets na vsichki balgari i gartsi in the modern vernacular ).

The Bulgarian imperial title " Tsar " was adopted by all Bulgarian monarchs up to the fall of Bulgaria under Ottoman rule.

It should be noted that after Bulgaria obtained full independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1908, its monarch, who was previously styled " Knyaz ", i. e. Prince, took the traditional title of " Tsar " which in Bulgarian means King and was recognized internationally as such.

The word Tsar derives from Latin Caesar, but this title was used in Russia as equivalent to King ; the error occurred when medieval Russian clerics referred to the biblical Jewish kings with the same title that was used to designate Roman and Byzantine rulers-Caesar.

On 31 October 1721, Peter I was proclaimed Emperor by the Senate-the title used was Latin " Imperator ", which is a westernizing form equivalent to the traditional Slavic title " Tsar ".

By some accounts, in the St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament, the title " Grandmaster " was formally conferred by Russian Tsar Nicholas II, who had partially funded the tournament.

Lazar declines the title of Tsar.

Simeon proclaimed himself " Tsar ( Caesar ) of the Bulgarians and the Romans ", a title which was recognised by the Pope, but not of course by the Byzantine Emperor.

Tsar Kaloyan ( 1197 – 1207 ) entered a union with the Papacy, thereby securing the recognition of his title of " Rex " although he desired to be recognized as " Emperor " or " Tsar ".

Muscovy was then ruled by the Muscovite monarchy, starting with Ivan III ( 1462 – 1505 ), who expanded Muscovy, and ending with Ivan IV, who claimed the title " Tsar of Russia ".

* in Russia, before the imperial unification from Muscovy ; sometimes even as vassal, tributary to a Tartar Khan ; later, in Peter the Great's autocratic empire, the russification gertsog was used as the Russian rendering of the German ducal title Herzog, especially as ( the last ) part of the full official style of the Russian Emperor: Gertsog Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy i Oldenburgskiy i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya " Duke of Schleswig-Holstein above, Stormarn, Dithmarschen and Oldenburg, and of other lands ", in chief of German and Danish territories to which the Tsar was dynastically linked.

# Prince Maximilian Josèphe Eugène Auguste Napoléon de Beauharnais ( 1817 – 1852 ), married Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaievna of Russia, eldest daughter of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, and received the title of " Prince Romanovsky ", addressed as " His Imperial Highness ", in 1852.

Grand Prince Ivan IV of Muscovy was the last monarch to rule without any higher title, until he assumed the style Tsar of Russia in 1547.

" The new title symbolized an assumption of powers equivalent and parallel to those held by former Byzantine Emperor and the Tatar Khan, both known in Russian sources as Tsar.

Others who gained the title unofficially by marrying a tsar were Elizabeth Alexeevna, Alexandra Fyodorovna ( Charlotte of Prussia ), Maria Alexandrovna, Maria Fyodorovna, and Eleonore of Reuss-Köstritz, who became Tsaritsa of Bulgaria following her marriage to Tsar Ferdinand.

In 1885, Tsar Alexander III gave the House of Fabergé the title ; ‘ Goldsmith by special appointment to the Imperial Crown ’.

" Khan " was the official title of the ruler until 864 AD, when Kniaz Boris ( known also as Tsar Boris I ) adopted the Eastern Orthodox faith.

In addition, the Tsar began appointing the Šajin Lama ( title of the High Lama of the Kalmyks ).

For decades chess writers have reported that Tsar Nicholas II of Russia conferred the title of " Grandmaster of Chess " upon each of the five finalists at St Petersburg 1914 ( Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine, Tarrasch and Marshall ), but chess historian Edward Winter has questioned this, stating that the earliest known sources supporting this story were published in 1940 and 1942.

The Tsar himself followed the work ’ s progress with interest and suggested the change in the title.

The subsequent native sources, all written in Old Bulgarian language, without exceptions treat the state as Bulgarian in the line of tsar's title of Ivan Asen II from his Turnovo's inscription from 1230 " In Christ the Lord good and faithful Tsar and autocrat of the Bulgarians, son of the old Asen ", an inscription from Boyana Church from 1259 " This was written in the Bulgarian Empire under the pious and devout Tsar Constantine Asen " and one marginal note from 1269 / 70 " In the days of the faithful tsar Constantine, who ruled the Bulgarian throne ".

Tsar Alexander III and Tsarina Maria Feodorovna and their five children.

After Nicolas I became Tsar, however, Bakunin senior gave up politics and devoted himself to the care of his estate and the education of his children, five girls and five boys, the oldest of whom was Mikhail ( Michael ).

There were only five awards of the Grand Cross: to King Wilhelm I in 1866, to Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia ( later Emperor Frederick III ) and Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia in 1873, to Tsar Alexander II of Russia in 1878, and to Helmuth Graf von Moltke in 1879.

Its 17th-century iconostasis features many ancient icons, arranged in five tiers above a silver heaven gate endowed by Tsar Alexis in 1645.

Starting with 1880, the latter five sections were transferred to the corresponding Ministries and in 1882 the First Section effectively became the Cancellery itself, serving as personal office of the Tsar again.

Vladigerov composed in a variety of genres including an opera ( Tsar Kaloyan, to a libretto by Nikolai Liliev and Fani Popova-Mutafova ), ballet, symphonic music, five piano concertos, two violin concertos, chamber music including string quartet, trio ( violin, cello and piano ), works and transcriptions for violin and piano and numerous opuses for solo piano, 38 transcriptions of instrumental pieces for instrument and piano, 13 late transcriptions of his earlier works for two pianos, fifty folksong concert arrangements for voice and piano / orchestra, 20 songs for voice and piano, ten choral songs with piano / orchestra, incidental music for the performances of the Deutsches Theater in Berlin, the Theater in der Josefstadt in Vienna, and the National Theatre in Sofia.