After expansion by Turkic peoples, Central Asia also became the homeland for many Turkic peoples, including the Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turkmen, Kyrgyz and Uyghurs.

There is also a high degree of mutual intelligibility between the various Oghuz languages, which include Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Qashqai, Gagauz, Balkan Gagauz Turkish and Oghuz influenced Crimean Tatar.

Ashgabat was also home to the Arch of Neutrality, a 250-foot-tall tripod crowned by a golden statue of late president Saparmurat Niyazov ( also known as Turkmenbashi, or leader of all Turkmen ).

The Karakum Desert, also spelled Kara-Kum and Gara Gum (“ Black Sand ”) ( Turkmen: Garagum, Russian: Каракумы ) is a desert in Central Asia.

The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic ( Türkmenistan Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikasy ; Turkmenskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ), also known as the Turkmen SSR for short, was one of republics of the Soviet Union in Central Asia.

When other constituent republics of the Soviet Union advanced claims to sovereignty in 1988 and 1989, Turkmenistan's leadership also began to criticize Moscow's economic and political policies as exploitative and detrimental to the well-being and pride of the Turkmen.

There are also numbers of Shabaks, Turkmen, Mandeans, and Armenians.

On June 4, 2001 Turkmenistan President Saparmurat Niyazov ( also known as Turkmenbashi ) authorized a decree that required foreigners to pay a $ 50, 000 fee to marry a Turkmen citizen ( regardless of how they met ), and to live in the country and own property for one year.

The Gagauz language belongs to the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages, which also includes the Azerbaijani, Turkish, and Turkmen languages.

They could also rely on some Turkmen tribes and their warriors.

The insurgency also began spreading to Kazakhstan, as well as the Tajik and Turkmen lands.

Although use of Ä ä ( also used in Tatar, Turkmen, and Gagauz ) seems to be a simpler alternative as the schwa is absent in most character sets, particularly Turkish encoding, it was reintroduced ; the schwa had existed continuously from 1929 to 1991 to represent Azeri's most-common vowel, in both post-Arabic alphabets ( Latin and Cyrillic ) of Azerbaijan.

A servant of the ruler, who was also a Turkmen, allegedly aided Magtymguly's escape.

The Ustyurt Plateau, also spelled Ust-Yurt, Ust-Urt and Usturt (, Turkmen: Üstyurt ), is a central Asian plateau in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, between the Aral Sea and the Caspian Sea.

Türkmenabat ( Cyrillic Turkmen: Түркменабат ), formerly and since the medieval times, Chardzhou (, Turkmen: Чәрҗев ), also spelled Çärjew, Chardjui, Charjou, Chardzhev, Charjev, Chärjew, or Charjew ( Persian for ' four canals '), ancient Amul, is a city in Turkmenistan, capital of Lebap Province.

The city is connected with the Turkmen capital Ashgabat and Turkmen port city Türkmenbaşy by Turkmenistan Airlines and the M37 highway and also by train to all provinces all around Turkmenistan.

Manat was also the designation of the Soviet ruble in both the Azerbaijani and Turkmen languages.

He also had restless Turkmen groups joining his forces.

The Artquids or Artuqid dynasty ( Modern Turkish: Artuklu Beyliği, sometimes also spelled as Artukid, Ortoqid or Ortokid ; Turkish plural: Artukoğulları ) was a Turkmen dynasty that ruled in Eastern Anatolia, Northern Syria and Northern Iraq in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

Tamerlane also put his son Mirza Halil in charge of the affairs of Armenia, Trebizond, and Georgia, but with his father's death in 1405 Halil rushed off to assume the throne at Samarkand leaving Trebizond and the local Turkmen princes of the region effectively free.

The name Ashgabat was restored in 1927 after the establishment of Turkmen SSR as a Soviet republic, though it was usually known by the Russian form Ashkhabad ().

‘ Alī ‘ Imādu d-Dīn Nasīmī (, ), often known as Nesimi, < span dir =" ltr ">( 1369 Unknown ) – 1417 skinned alive in Aleppo )</ span > was a 14th-century Azerbaijani or Turkmen Ḥurūfī poet.

The State Anthem of the Turkmen SSR was the national anthem of Turkmenistan when it was a republic of the Soviet Union and known as the Turkmen SSR.

Thus, Turkmenabat ( known as Chardjuy at those times ) passed to the newly created Turkmen Soviet Socialistic Republic in a move to reduce the territory and strength of a highly nationalistic Uzbekistan.

* Shah Ismail I, the founder of Turkic-Persian Safavid Dynasty of Iran: Ismā ' il's mother was an Aq Qoyunlu ( Turkmen ) noble, Martha, the daughter of Turkmen Uzun Hasan by his Pontic Greek wife Theodora Megale Comnena, better known as Despina Hatun.

A court doctor of the Seljuk Sultans, Al-Marvazi tells that " Kais " ( snakes ) and " Kuns " pressed the " Shars " tribe ( Turkic ‘ sary = pale, yellow ’), and those, in turn, occupied the lands of the Turkmen, Oguzes and Petchenegs.

) Alevis are ethnic and linguistic Turks, mainly of Turkmen descent from Central and Eastern Anatolia.

Magtymguly was one of the first Turkmen poets to introduce the use of the classical Chagatai, the court language of the Khans of Central Asia, as a literary language, incorporating many Turkmen linguistic features.

* ak öý and gara öý-In Turkmen the term is both literally " white house " and " black house ", depending on its luxury and elegance.

According to a Turkmen legend the main role in tuiduk invention was played by the devil ( note the term ″ devil openings ", şeytan delikleri, in Turkish for the small apertures on the bell ).

* Bukhara rug, an erroneous but ( in the West ) common term for Turkmen rugs.

During this term he transferred Turkmen people from their Anatolian city of Aksaray to newly conquered İstanbul to populate the city which had lost a portion of its former population prior to conquest.

The vast majority of inhabitants were converted to Hanifism, while the Balkar-HunOghuz brought the beginnings of the Turkic Turkmen language that came to dominate the area.

Azerbaijani is member of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages and is closely related to Turkish, Qashqai and Turkmen.

Up to and including the eighteenth century Chagatai was the main literary language in Turkmenistan as elsewhere in Central Asia, and had some influence on Turkmen, but in fundamentals the two languages belong to different branches of the Turkic family.

Turkmen (, Cyrillic:, Persian: ), a Turkic language, is the national language of Turkmenistan.

Turkmen is in the Turkic Language Family.

Turkmen employs vowel harmony, a principle that is common in fellow Turkic languages.

These include the Indo-European languages Russian in North Asia and Persian, Tajik, Urdu, and Hindi in Southwest and South Asia ; the Turkic languages Turkish, Turkmen, Kazakh, and Uyghur of Southwest and Central Asia ; Arabic in Southwest Asia ; Japanese ; the Dravidian languages of India ; the Uralic languages of Russia ; Mongolic ; and Korean.

Within Turkic languages, Bashkir and Turkmen have both voiced and voiceless dental fricatives among their consonants.

As such, his poetry exemplifies a trend towards increased usage of Turkic languages ( as opposed to Persian ), and Magtymguly is revered as the founder of Turkmen poetry, literature, and language.

Although the ethnic factor in these rebellions comply with the general Ottoman pattern of intermixtures, they can be safely described as having a largely Turkic base, especially in relation to the semi-nomadic or nomadic Turkmen clans that had taken part in the building of the empire with their Ottoman kinsmen, and saw themselves increasingly distanced from the power base, the central authority relying more on the devşirme system and corps.

* Göçer, Turkic name for a seasonal pastoralist nomad, like the Chowdur, Turkmen people.

* Turkic: Azeri, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uzbek