The Skálholt Map, drawn in 1570 or 1590 but surviving only through later copies, shows Promontorium Winlandiae (" promontory / cape / foreland of Vinland ") as a narrow cape with its northern tip at the same latitude as southern Ireland.

After years of study, the proofs of the book, The Vinland Map and the Tartar Relation, were ready by the end of 1964, and Mellon donated the map to Yale.

Many academic reviewers of the book took the opportunity to point out evidence that called the map's authenticity into question, so a year later, a Vinland Map Conference was held at the Smithsonian Institution, during which further significant questions were asked, particularly of Witten, who gave very straightforward and helpful answers ; but, the proceedings were not published for another five years.

Greenland from the Vinland Map superimposed ( in green ) on an early-20th-century atlas map.

The most surprising revision is that, unlike, for example, the famous Cantino World Map, the Vinland Map depicts Greenland as an island, remarkably close to the correct shape and orientation ( while Norway, of which Greenland was just a colony, is wildly inaccurate ) although contemporary Scandinavian accounts — including the work of Claudius Clavus in the 1420s — depict Greenland as a peninsula joined to northern Russia.

11, part 1 ), published shortly after the conference, noted that German researcher Richard Hennig had spent years, before the Vinland Map was revealed, fruitlessly trying to track Jelic's phrase down in medieval texts.

It seemed that either Jelic had seen the Vinland Map and promised not to reveal its existence ( keeping the promise so rigidly that he never mentioned any of the other new historical information on the map ), or that he had invented the phrase as a scholarly description, and the Vinland Map creator copied him.

Various scientists have formed their own theories to explain how the " 20th century manufactured " anatase in the Vinland Map ink could have got into genuine medieval ink.

Examination of her anatase by a colleague, mineralogist Dr Kenneth Towe, showed that it was very different from the neat, rounded crystals found in the Vinland Map and modern pigments, and despite decades of further work, she was also never able to explain how the iron would have disappeared from the Vinland Map ink.

The expanded 30th anniversary edition of the 1965 official book, The Vinland Map and the Tartar Relation, was notable for its exclusion of most of the evidence against the map's authenticity, concentrating instead on vindications by George Painter, and Thomas Cahill with colleague Bruce Kusko ( in which they claimed specifically that they had not analyzed the loose particles they took from the map at the time of their PIXE research ), but it did reprint a remarkable essay written in 1989 by the original book dealer Laurence Witten.

The possible join of two single leaves from the " Speculum " to make the Vinland Map parchment

* Webexhibits: The Vinland Map – Experts Children's website which features online versions of many relevant scientific papers.

“ Vinland Map ”, Quote: "… date of 1434 A. D. plus or minus 11 years … Recent testing, however, only revealed trace quantities of titanium, whose presence may be a result of contamination, the chemical deterioration of the ink over the centuries, or may even have been present naturally in the ink used in medieval times.

* The Vinland Map, Some " Finer Points " of the Debate, J. Huston McCulloch, September 2008

* Cartography, including the " Vinland Map "

There are two maps depicting North America, the " Vinland map ", that some believe is related to Norse exploration, although it is considered to be a modern forgery, and the Skálholt Map, made by an Icelandic teacher in 1570.

* Yale Daily News article on Vinland Map

* In the year 1000, the Icelander Leif Ericson was the first European to set foot on North American soil, corresponding to today's Eastern coast of Canada, i. e. the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, including the area of land named " Vinland " by Ericson.

It is also the first known European record ( in chapter 38 ) that mentions Vinland ( Winland ) island ( insula ), a land centuries later possibly identified as Newfoundland, Canada, North America, as well as dog-headed people in Scandinavia.

Another interpretation of the name Vinland, quite popular in the late 20th century, is that the first element is not vín ( with a slightly lengthened vowel sound ) but vin ( with a short sound ), an Old Norse word with the meaning ' meadow, pasture '.

While not the first to sight the North American continent, Leif Erikson became the first Viking to explore the land of Vinland ( part of North America, probably near modern-day Newfoundland ).

According to the Saga of Erik the Red, Leif apparently saw Vinland for the first time after being blown off course on his way to introduce Christianity to Greenland.

After Leif's first trip to Vinland, he returned to the family estate of Brattahlíð in Greenland, and started preaching Christianity to the Greenlanders.

The first statue of Leif ( by Anne Whitney ) was erected in Boston in 1887, as many believed that Vinland could have been located at Cape Cod ; not long after, another casting of Whitney's statue was erected in Milwaukee.

Vineland may be a play on the word " Hollywood ", a reference to the first Viking settlement in North America, Vinland, or a reference to Andrey Vinelander, a character in Vladimir Nabokov's Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle.

* Snorri Thorfinnsson was purported to be born in Vinland, ( Newfoundland ), making him the first European known to be born in the Americas, provided that Greenland is defined as being outside America.

On the evidence of the sagas, the first Scots to set foot in the New World were slaves, a man named Hake and a woman named Hekja, who scouted for Thorfinn Karlsefni's expedition in 1010, gathering wheat and the grapes for which Vinland was named.

These finds appear to confirm the saga claim that some of the Vinland exploration ships came from Iceland and that they ventured down the east coast of the new land.

The sagas describe three separate areas discovered during this exploration: Helluland, which means " land of the flat stones "; Markland, " the land of forests ", definitely of interest to settlers in Greenland where there were few trees ; and Vinland, " the land of wine " ( or as suggested by modern linguists " the land of meadows "), found somewhere south of Markland.

Although Fernandes granted his design wishes regarding the exclusive electronics and hardware, the unique color of green mixed specifically for Mr. Steele was, in Peter's words after he received two of the three duplicate basses made for him, " completely wrong " compared to his requested shade of " Vinland Green " he had asked for and had described to the builders.

Conflict with indigenous peoples and lack of support from Greenland brought the Vinland colony to an end within a few years.

The insistence in all the main historical sources that grapes were found in Vinland suggests that the explorers ventured at least to the south side of the St. Lawrence River, as Jacques Cartier did 500 years later, finding both wild vines and nut trees.

But in his final years Brown wrote two further novels, Vinland and Beside the Ocean of Time.

While the date is around two hundred years after the last of the Vinland voyages described by Norse sagas it is well within the period during which the Norse lived in Greenland and could have potentially visited North America.

# Witches ' Kitchen ( 2004 ) -- Fifteen years after killing Erik Blódøx ( English, Bloodaxe ), Norse King of Jórvík, the renegade Corban Loosestrife is living thinly but idyllically with his family on the coast of Vinland, until warfare among the local tribes and trouble from back home force him to return to Denmark, where he again becomes embroiled in politics.

Most years since 1874 Vinland has hosted a country fair, attracting thousands of visitors ; the 100th Vinland Fair was held in 2007.

According to the Vinland sagas, when Snorri was 3 years old, his family left Vinland because of hostilities with Native Americans ( called Skrælings by the settlers, which is the Old Norse equivalent of the English term " wretches ").

The difficulty of using the Heavener Runestone to demonstrate Viking exploration of the area is that the Elder Futhark had become obsolete by the 8th century, long before the Viking expeditions to Greenland and Vinland.

Sir Erlend Thordson had obtained from abroad the geographical chart of that Albania, or land of the White men, which is situated opposite Vinland the good, of which mention has been before made in this little book, and which the merchants formerly called Hibernia Major or Great Ireland, and lies, as has been said, to the west of Ireland proper.

This explanation is essentially repeated in the 13th Century Grœnlendinga saga, which provides a circumstantial account of the discovery of Vinland and its being named from the grapes ( vínber ) found there.

The saga chronicles the events that led to Erik the Red's banishment to Greenland as well as Leif Ericson's discovery of Vinland the Good after his longship was blown off course.

The most famous of these include Njáls saga, about an epic blood feud, and Grænlendinga saga and Eiríks saga, describing the discovery and settlement of Greenland and Vinland ( modern Newfoundland ).