The Volcae () were a tribal confederation constituted before the raid of combined Gauls that invaded Macedon circa 270 BC and defeated the assembled Greeks at the Battle of Thermopylae in 279 BC.

Though a modern view of Celtic tribal configurations has to be pieced together from mentions in Greek and Latin sources, for archaeology determines no tribal identities purely through material culture of the late La Tène Celts, tribes called Volcae were to be found simultaneously in southern France, Moravia, the Ebro River valley, and Galatia in Asia Minor ( Anatolia ).

Driven by highly mobile groups operating outside the tribal system and comprising diverse elements, the Volcae were one of the new ethnic entities formed during the Celtic military expansion at the beginning of the third century BC.

The Tectosagii were a sept of the Volcae who moved through Macedonia into Asia Minor circa 270 BCE.

Caesar related a tradition associating the Celtic tribe of the Volcae to the vast Hercynian forest, though they were more probably to be located in the eastern range of the Mittelgebirge ; yet, Volcae of his time were settled in Moravia, east of the Boii.

Their apparent movement may indicate that the Volcae were newcomers to the region.

West of the Arecomici the Volcae Tectosages ( whose territory included that of the Tolosates ) lived among the Aquitanians ; the territories were separated by the Hérault River ( Arauris ) or a line between the Hérault River and the Orbe River ( Orbis ).

Strabo says the Volcae Tectosages came originally from the region near modern Toulouse, in France, and they were a sept or clan of the Volcae.

The Volcae Tectosages were among the successful raiders of the Delphi expedition and were said to have transported their booty to Tolosa.

Bypassing Marseilles the Carthaginians reached the Rhone four days ' march to the north but were impeded from crossing by a Gallic force friendly to Rome ( the Volcae ).

The contemporary coat of arms of the city of Nîmes includes a crocodile chained to a palm tree with the inscription, for Colonia Nemausus, meaning the " colony " or " settlement " of Nemausus, the local Celtic god of the Volcae Arecomici.

The Volcae Arecomici ( Οὐόλκαι Ἀρικόμιοι of Ptolemy's Geography ii ), according to Strabo, dwelt on the western side of the lower Rhone, with their metropolis at Narbo ( Narbonne ): " Narbo is spoken of as the naval-station of these people alone, though it would be fairer to add " and of the rest of Celtica ", so greatly has it surpassed the others in the number of people who use it as a trade-centre.

Collecting in the famous excursion into the Balkans, ostensibly, from the Hellene point-of-view, to raid Delphi, a branch of the Volcae split from the main group on the way into the Balkans and joined two other tribes, the Tolistobogii and the Trocmi, to settle in central Asia Minor and establish a new Gaulish identity as the Galatians.

:" Accordingly, the Volcae Tectosages, seized on those parts of Germany which are the most fruitful lie around the Hercynian forest, ( which, I perceive, was known by report to Eratosthenes and some other Greeks, and which they call Orcynia ), and settled there.

Celtic tribes living near the Rhone included the Seduni, Segobriges, Allobroges, Segusiavi, Helvetii, Vocontii and Volcae Arecomici.

Indeed, after crossing the Pyrenees in 218 BC, Hannibal in travelling through southern Gaul was greeted by warlike tribes: the Volcae, the Arverni, the Allobroges, and the Gaesatae of the Rhône Valley, who rose to prominence around the middle of the 3rd century BC.

The Volcae Arecomici of their own accord surrendered to the Roman Republic in 121 BC, after which they occupied the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis ( the area around modern day Narbonne ), the southern part of Gallia Transalpina.

The Volcae Tectosages fortified the oppidum.

The city certainly derives its name from Nemausus, which was perhaps the sacred wood in which the Celtic tribe of the Volcae Arecomici ( who of their own accord surrendered to the Romans in 121 BC ) held their assemblies ( according to Encyclopædia Britannica 1911 ), or was perhaps the local Celtic spirit guardian of the spring that originally provided all water for the settlement, as many modern sources suggest.

It holds its origin from ancient Germanic-being a cognate to " Welsh " and " Walloon " -, and perhaps even further back in time, from the Roman name Volcae, which was originally a Celtic tribe.

Originally the Oppidum was the work of the Volcae Arecomici who started it in the fourth century BCE.

In the 3rd century BC there came a Celtic Gallic tribe called the Volcae Tectosages from Belgium or southern Germany, the first Indo-European people to appear in the region.

By 200 BC Tolosa is attested to be the capital of the Volcae Tectosages ( coins found ), which C. Julius Caesar later called Tolosates in his famous account of Gallic wars ( De Bello Gallico, 1. 10 ), singular Tolosas.

Caesar's ethnogenesis and migrations of the Volcae.

Julius Caesar was convinced that the Volcae had originally been settled north-east of the Rhine, in what is now western and central Germany in the basin of the Weser River, for he mentioned the Volcae Tectosages as a Gaulish tribe which still remained in western Germany in his day ( Gallic War 6. 24 ):

Caesar's remark about the wealth of this region may have referred not only to agriculture but also to the mineral deposits there, while the renown attributed to the Volcae " in peace and in war " resulted from their metallurgical skills and the quality of their weapons, both attracting the attention of their northern neighbors.

Map showing the relative position of the Volcae and Tectosages.

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