Princes and nobles were initiated ; and in 1429 even the emperor Sigismund himself became “ a true and proper Freischöffe of the Holy Roman Empire .” There is a manuscript in the Town Hall of the Westphalian town of Soest, which consists of an original Vehmic Court Regulation document, along with illustrations.

The immense development of the Fehme is explained by the privileges of the Freischöffen ; for they were subject to no jurisdiction but those of the Westphalian courts: whether as accused or accuser they had access to the secret sessions, and they shared in the discussions of the general chapter as to the policy of the society.

Such an organization the Westphalian free courts, with their discipline of terror and elaborate system of secret service, were well calculated to supply.

Under Prussian rule, Siegen developed into the South Westphalian centre that it is today.

The treaties resulted from the big diplomatic congress, thereby initiating a new system of political order in central Europe, later called Westphalian sovereignty, based upon the concept of a sovereign state governed by a sovereign and establishing a prejudice in international affairs against interference in another nation's domestic business.

The concept of nation-state sovereignty resulting from the treaty became known as " Westphalian sovereignty ".

After the defeat of the Prussian Army at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807 made the Westphalian territories part of the Kingdom of Westphalia from 1807 – 13.

Her mother Therese Luise ( 1772-1853 ) came from another aristocratic Westphalian family, the von Haxthausens.

The urban landscape of the Ruhr extends from the Lower Rhine Basin east to the Westphalian Plain and south to the hills of the Rhenish Massif.

# It has many idiomatic expressions of its own and usages of particular words different from the ones in Northern ( Low Saxon, Mecklenburgic ) and Southern ( Westphalian, Eastphalian, Märkisch ) Low German.

He subsequently pursued his earlier idea of becoming a Lutheran pastor, and studied Protestant theology at the Westphalian William's-University in Münster from 1919 to 1923.

Westphalian, and Low German in general, unlike many of the Middle German dialects, were too distant from standard German to be considered dialects and were therefore not tolerated and efforts were made to stamp it out.

Nevertheless, the Westphalian dialect of German includes some words that originate from the dying Westphalian language, which are otherwise unintelligible for other German speakers from outside Westphalia.

Pepin, Frankish king from 750, again invaded Saxony and subdued several Westphalian tribes until 758.

* Railway station from the year 1849 ( Royal Westphalian Railway Company )

Whereas it's difficult to tell from the surface formations where the Westphalian Lowlands begin, the landscapes of the Bergisches Land and the Lower Rhine Plain are easily recognisable.

Paul Spiegel was born into a Westphalian family of cattle dealers, originating from the small town Versmold.

He joined Bayern Munich in 1974, coming from the Westphalian amateur side Borussia Lippstadt, for a transfer fee of ca.

Arminia won further Westphalian titles from 1924 to 1927 but were unable to repeat their success in the West German championships.

A Westphalian variety of high German is spoken in Schwelm ( Westphalian: from old Saxon " Westfal " = " western land ").

Especially the elderly population is still able to speak Schwelm's original Westphalian tongue called " Schwelmer Platt ", which is quite different from standard high German and bears a certain resemblance to Dutch.

What will there be between us old codgers, aside of course from happy memories of skiing tours in the long distant past < nowiki > ... </ nowiki > Will you come to me mainly to take receipt of the promised gift I have held for you in our cellar — that long cured Westphalian ham, and those patiently waiting bottles of your favorite nectar: Johannisberger 1937?

The Bashkirian overlaps with the upper part of the Namurian and lower part of the Westphalian stages from regional European stratigraphy.

The name is derived from the Westphalian municipality of Steinhagen, the only place where it is permitted to be produced.

The population used to speak Westphalian, but now High German is the norm.

The population's main language was once Westphalian, but it has since been replaced by High German.

The population used to speak Westphalian, but now High German is the norm.

* Stéphane Beaulac: “ The Westphalian Model in defining International Law: Challenging the Myth ”, Australian Journal of Legal History Vol.

Early company specialties were “ Old World ” sausages and Westphalian hams, soon followed by bacon and wieners.

While Dutch is classified as a Low Franconian language, the Dutch Low Saxon varieties, which are also defined as Dutch dialects, form a dialect continuum with the Westphalian language.

Anna was famed for her big cheek, " which, as shown in her portraits ", Carlyle says, " was comparable to a Westphalian ham ".

In the Westphalian dialects of Low Saxon, in East Frisian Low Saxon and in the Saterland Frisian language, Saturday is called Satertag, also akin to Dutch Zaterdag, which has the same linguistic roots as the English word Saturday.

the medieval Sardinian Gamurra later become Barracelli, the Sicilian Vendicatori and the Beati Paoli ), a type of early vigilante organization, which became extremely powerful in Westphalian Germany during the 15th century.

The name Porta Westfalica is the Latin expression for " Westphalian Gate ", as the gorge appears like a gate to the region Westphalia, which lies to the south of it.

Though his ongoing campaigns were successful, he had to deal with the fragmentation of the Saxon territories in Westphalian, Eastphalian and Angrian tribes, demanding the conclusion of specific peace agreements with single tribes, which soon were to be broken by other clans.

The failing wars intended to regain the ' heretical ' Northern Netherlands meant significant loss of ( still mainly Catholic ) territories in the north, which was consolidated in the 1648 Westphalian peace, and given the peculiar, inferior status of Generality Lands ( jointly ruled by the United Republic, not admitted as member provinces ): Zeeuws-Vlaanderen ( south of the river Scheldt ), the present Dutch province of Noord-Brabant and Maastricht ( in the present Dutch province of Limburg ).

By Decree of 18 June 1907 they were entrusted to the Capuchin Fathers of the Westphalian Province, to which order the first Prefect Apostolic, Very Rev.

Arguing it was the French or Westphalian state and not Hanover, which had emancipated the Jews, the government took the decisions of the German Confederation on the rights of the Jews, in Johann Smidt's manipulated formulation, as the legal grounds.

The Westphalian dialect belongs to the low Saxon dialects, which is a part of the family of low German dialects.

And then Schücking published a novel on the Westphalian nobility, which did not depict them favorably, and Droste-Hülshoff's friends, sometimes rightly, sometimes wrongly, traced many of the depictions back to Droste-Hülshoff.

The Wiehen Hills form the northwestern boundary of the Lower Saxon Hills to which they belong geographically, together with the Westphalian part of the ridge.

It is a dialect of the Westphalian branch of the Low German language group, which together with Limburgs is one of the two officially recognised regional languages of the Netherlands.

His real name was Trippenmecker, which in Westphalian dialect means a clog-maker.

Dortmund was one of the earliest commercial brewing centres in Germany, establishing itself as a major brewing city which exported its beers to the neighbouring Westphalian cities.

As early as 1852 the Westphalian constituency of Beckum-Ahaus had elected him to the Prussian House of Representatives, and he took part in the founding of the " Catholic Fraction " for the defense of the rights and liberties of the church, which since 1859 has been called the Centre.

# Westphalian Sovereignty, which Krasner declares is the concept that states have the right to separately determine their own domestic authority structures.